Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/658

* DYNE. 572 DYSPHONIA. on it, being the product of m and tliis aecclora- tion of a falling body, is 980 wi dynes approxi- mately. Tlio weight of one milligram is, then, 0.980 d. ies, or nearly one dyne. Since a dyne is so small, a more common unit of force is a •megadyne,' or 1.000.000 dynes — i. e. 10" dynes. See -Mecuamcm. 1'.nit.s; Vorce. DY'RENFORTH, Kohkrt S.int Georoe (1844—). An American .soldier and lawyer, bum in Chicago. He graduated at Breslau in 1801. served in the United States Army in 18016, l)e- came major of volunteer cavalry, assistant in- spector-general and signal ollicer in tlie Depart- ment of the ^Missouri, and was several times brevetted. In 18(10 he was correspondent of the Chicago Post and Tiiius during the war between Austria and Prussia. He entered the Inited States Patent Ollice in 1871. was cxaniiner-in- chief during the administration of President Hayes, and assistant conunissioner during that of President Arthur. He resigned in 1885. and began practice as a patent and corporation law- yer. He was elected commander of the Military Order of Merit, and connuanderin-chief of the Union Veterans' I'nion. In 1891 he carried on in Texas a series of experiments for the (lovern- ment, to show that by violent explosions water- vapor might be condensed into rain. Dyrenforth was. in consequence, popularly known as the •Rain-Maker.' DYKRHACHIUM. dir rfi'ki-um. See Dc- EAZZO. DYSCHROMATOPSIA, dis'kro-ma-top'sI-A. Dillieulty in distinguishing colors, or partial color-blindness. DYSENTERY (Lat. dyscnleria, Gk. 5i«<re^- Tfpi'o, dysenlcria, dysentery, from Sva-, (Ijis-. bad + ivTcpov, enteron. intestine). A form of dis- ease of the large, rarely also in the small, intes- tine, attended by frequent and scanty discharges from the bowels, and dilVering fnmi diarrlKca (q.v. ) chiefly in being attended by marked fever and pain, as also by the presence of blood and mucus in the discharges. Two forms of dys- entery are recognized by medical authorities — sporadic and e)iidemic. In nrulc ralarrlial coli- tis an increase in inicus occurs, which is thrown off with epithelial cells, serum, and blood, ulcera- tion occurring, with swelling of the glands and formation of connective tissue. This is the ordi- nary form of dysentery, which is relieved by saline purgatives, astringent injections, opium, salol, and eneniata of starch or hot water. Acute itifectious colitis, or 'tropical dysentery,' is either caused by the presence of the Amatxi coli ('anue- bic colitis') or by the presence of Uncilliis piio- rtjaneus, as shown by Shig.a in 1897 and Flexner in 1899, In tropical dysentery, necrotic and suppurative processes may be set up in the liver and in the right lung. The symptoms are largely the same as in catarrhal colitis, except that they are more severe ; the mortality also is high. Tropi- cal dysentery is rarely seen in emigrants coming to the United States. It is endemic in south- ern Europe. There is a chronic catarrhal colitis. There is also a form of dysentery, known as 'croupous colitis,' in which there occurs forma- tion of a false membrane over the mucous lining of the intestine. To the variety of dysentery in which inflammatory changes are the most marked in the lymph-nodes, the name nodular or follicu- liir dysentery is given. If necrosis of the uuicous membrane be extensive, the colitis is termed necrotic. All ca.ses of dysentery which do not improve under milk or peptonoid diet and injections of starch and hot water should l)e speedily put into a physician's hands. DYS'LYSIN ( from t;k. 5i'stance obtained by boiling cholic acid with hydrochloric acid for some lime. It is a neutral resinous body, in- .-.oluble in water, alcohol, and the alkalies, but moderately soluble in ether. Small (piantities of it arc sonu'tinics t'oiind in f;rces. DYSMENORRHCEA, dis'men-or-re'A. See Mh.NM'Kr.TION. DYSPEPSIA ( Lat. dttspcpsiu, Gk. Svjwe^pia, di/spcpsiii, finin Suff-, dt/!<-, bad ireinbi. pep- tus, cooked, from n^irruv. pcplcin. to cook). Disordered function of the stomach, resulting in impaired digestion. The symptoms are; Feeling of pressure or weight after a meal, burning {py- rosis), accunmlation of gas, headache, coated tongue, drowsiness, and general weakness and discomfort. There may be a diseased condition of the nuicous mcuibrane of the stomach {gas- tritis), with pain and vomiting in addition to tlie symptoms noted : there may be a deticiency in the hydrochloric and lactic acids in the gastric juice: there may be excessive production of these acids: there may be a rapid fermentation of the food, with the production of gas and toxins, causing great pain in the stomach, severe head- ache, palpitation of the heart, and frequent raising of gas, this condition being tenued Hati- lent dyspej)sia. There may be a general nervous condition, with waste of nerve energy, the stom- ac-h being tlu> first organ to fail in its functions; this condition iM'ing termed nervous dyspepsia. Gout, or lithemia, may be a caiise of dyspepsia. In many cases constipation is also a symptom, iind the use of cathartics has made the dyspepsia worse. Treatment must be directed to the cause, and in all cases diet must be regulated and daily out-of-door exercise practiced. Indigestion or irritating food should be avoided, such as smoked or salted meat, smoked or salted fish, hot breads, all fried articles of food, generally potatoes and roots, sweets, pastry, and oatmeal. Tea and colTee and all alcoholic liquors should be avoided, in general. Food should be thoroughly masti- cated and eaten slowly. In some cases the stomach should be washed out every day or two. Bitter tonics, such as strychnine, are heliiful, iilso creosote, carbolic acid, kola, ginger, and various digestants, such as pepsin and )>apoid, in certain cases. Management is better than me- dirin.il treatment in many cases. DYSPHOTSIA (Neol.at., from Gk. Sw^wi-ia, harshness of sound, from Sva-. dys-, bad -|- ipwH), p/i one, voice, frimi ^drai, p//(/i/oi. to s|)eakl . Dif- ficult speaking. It is attended with intlammn- ticm. huskiness. cough, expectoration, and some- times ulceration. Rest of the vocal organs, mus- cilar exercise, tonics, and change of air and scene, are heljiful toward recovery. Dysphonia clcrirorum, or 'clcTg^'man's sore throat,' is a glandular laryngitis arising from the forcible and improper use of the voice one day in seven. Daily vocal exercise is desirable in such cases. Di/sphonia puherum is the term given to the changing voice at puberty, when it becomes