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* DUTCH LITERATURE. 552 DUVAL. the critics Ueiiiier van Ueu Brjnk (1810-65), Jan ten Brink, Jonckbloet, and Huet are most note- worthy. J. ten Brink has written a serviceable Kleine Gescliiedeii is der A ederlandischen Lctteren (1877) ; Dr. Jonckbloet, a (Jeschiedenis der 2ied- eriandsclw Leiterkunde (2d ed. 1873) ; and van Vloten, a Schets van de Ocschiedenis der Neder- landnchcn Letteren (1879). Consult: Hone, Uehersicht der niederliindischen Vollcalitteratur iilterer Zeit (Tiibingen, 1838) ; HelhvalU, Ge- schichte der niederlii mUschcn Litleratur (Leip- zig, 1887). DUTCHMAN'S-BREECHES. See Dicentra and Plate of Bloodroot, in article Sanguinabia. DUTCHMAN'S-PIPE. See Akistolochia. DUTCH REFORMED CHURCH. See Re- FORMEU CllLKCU IX AMERICA. DUTCH RUSH. See Equisetlm. DUTCH SCHOOL OF PAINTING. See NeTIIEKLA.XU.S ^^ClIUULS OF Pai.niinu. DUTCH VERSION. See Bible. DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY. A trading company established in 1021, to which was granted monopoly of trade on portions of the American and African coasts, with the right of colonizing and maintaining military and naval forces, with which it plundered the Spanish and Portuguese settlements. It established the Dutch colonies of Brazil, New Netherlands, (Uiiana, the West Indies, and the Gold Coast. After its dissolution in 1674 a new companv was formed which lasted until 1791. DUTENS, du'tiiN', LouLS (17301812). A French miscellaneous writer, born at Tours. His riper culture was gained while a tutor in Eng- land, wlu'ro he passed the greater part of his life, though frequently engaged diplomatically (he was thrice charge d'affaires at Turin), and in travel. He took Anglican orders and ob- tained a living of £800 and a pension. Macken- zie, the English Minister at Turin, left him £15,000. He devoted his affluent leisure to Recherches sur I'orighw des decouvertes attri- buees aux modernes ( 1706). to an Appel an bon sens (1777), against the French 'philosophic' va- garies of the time, and to Considerations thiolo- ijitjues sur les moyens de reunir toutes Ics eglises chritiennes (1798), with many archieological treatises, and three volumes of anecdotal Mc- moires d'un voyageur (J ui se repose (1800). His most valuable service to letters was a collection and scholarly edition of the TlorA-s of Leibnitz (0 vols., Geneva, 1709). DUTERTRE, dn'tar'tr', .Jean Baptiste (1610- 87). A French Dominican missionary, born at Calais. For seventeen years he lived among the islands of the French West Indies, and he described them and their history in a Histoire des Antilles habituces par les Frangais (1667- 71). DUTIES. See Customs Duties. DUTBOCHET, dn'lri'shii', RENfi .ToACniM Henri (1770 1847). An eminent French physi- ologist. In 1808 he was appointed by .Joseph Bonaparte head physician to the military hos- pital at Burgos, Spain, then devastated by typhus fever. He returned to France, however, in the following year, and gave himself up ex- clusively to the study of physics and physiology. In 1831 he became a member of the Institute. The results of his researches are contained in his Memoires pour servir a I'histoire anaioniique et physiologique des vegetaux et des animaux (1837). DUTT, dut, ToKU (1856-77). A Hindu poet, born in Calcutta. From 1860 to 1873 she studied in Europe. She translated into English the isliniipurana, and wrote original verse in Hindustani, Frencli, and English. Her first vol- ume was -4 tiheaf Gleaned in French Fields (1870). Her Ancioit liallads and Legends of Uindustan (with ilemoir by Edmund Gosse) appeared in 1882. DUT'TON, Clarence Edward (1841—). An American geologist and soldier, born at Wal- lingford. Conn., and educated at Vale, where he graduated in 1800. He was an officer in the volunteer forces during the Civil War, after which he began the study of geology, and in 1875 was detailed to assist in Major John W'. Powell's survey of the Rocky Mountains. He was connected with the United States Geological Survey in 1880-91, and in 1887 was put in charge of the division of volcanic geolog}- and seis- mology. He was promoted to the rank of major in the army in 1890. In 1884 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and he be- came a meuibcr of many other scientific societies. His publications include: Uigh Plateaus of Utah (1880); Tertiary History of tlie Grand Canon Distriet (1882); Hawaiian Volcanoes (1884); Mount Taylor and the ZuiH Plateau (1886) and The Charleston Earthquake of 1886 (1889). DUTTON, Hexry (1796-1S69). An Ameri- can jurist. He was born in Plymouth. Conn., and graduated in 1818 at Yale, where he was for many years professor of law. He was Gov- ernor of Connecticut in 1854-55: and from 1861 to 1800 was judge of the Superior Court and of the Supreme (5ourt of Errors. He published an analytical digest of the Connecticut Reports in 1833, was a member of the committees of 1849 and 1866 appointed by the Legislature to revise the statutes of the State, and in 1854 was chairman of a committee which compiled the State statutes. DUTY OF WATER. The quantity of water applied to different crops in irrigation. See Irrigation. DUUM'VIRS (Lat. duumviri or duoviri, from duo. two + rir. man). A board or com- mittee of two; a general term in Roman adminis- tration, applicable to several dilt'ercnt functions. Most important was the function of dininiriri iure dicundo, or 'duumvirs with judiciary powers,' the chief olTicers of many municipal towns imder the Empire, as at Pompeii. Every fifth year the duumviri exercised special cen- sorial powers, and were called dutnnviri quin- quennales. In Rome we have mention of duum- viri sacrorum in charge of the Sibylline books, of duuminri navales, for the recruiting of the navy, and other such commissions. DUVAL, du'val', .Alexandre (1767-1842). A French dramatist, horn at Rennes. In his youth he was by turn sailor, engineer, actor, and finally director of the Odcon and nu'mber of the Academy (1812). .s dramatist, he is consid- ered a good painter of the life of his time. A col- lection of his plays is inehided in his (Kuiyres ( 1822-25). Besides his plays he wrote a romance,