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* DURHAM. 544 DURIS OF SAMOS. opened for students in 1833. A royal charter in 1837 empowered the university to bestow de- grees. It has two colleges — University College and Bishop Hatfield's Hall. The corporation maintains markets and public baths. Durham has long been famous for its mustard. The town sends one member to Parliament. Population, in 1801, 14,900: in 1!)01, 14,650. Durham arose about the year 995, when Hishop Aldune brought here Saint Cuthbert's Ixmes from Kii)on and built a church to enshrine Ihcm. It became the scat of the Bishop and Count Palatine of Durham County. Consult: liijgone Durham, edited by An- drews (London, 1898) ; Low, Durham (London, 1897) ; Bygate. Durham Cathedral (London, 1899). DURHAM. A city and county-seat of Dur- ham County, N. C, 26 miles northwest of Raleigh, on the Norfolk and Western, the Sea- board Air Line, and the Southern railroads (Map: North Carolina, D 1). It is an impor- tant manufacturing centre for tobacco, cigars, and cigarettes, having one of the largest granu- lated smoking-tobacco factories in the world. There are also cotton-mills, sash and blind fac- tories, foundries, a fertilizer-factory, and other industries. Trinity College ( Jlethodist Episco- pal, South) opened in 1851, is located here. The city has also a school of fine art and a con- servatory of music, a public library, and Watts Hospital.. The government is administered under a charter of 1899 wliieh provides for a mayor, chosen every two years, and a city council, elected on a general ticket. Settled about 1855, Durham was incorporated in 1809 with a popula- tion of 200. Near here General .Johnston, with the Confederate army, surrendered to General Sherman on April 26, 1865. Population, in 1880. 2041; in 1890, 5485: in 1900, 6679. DURHAM, .lonN George Lambton, first Earl of (1792-1840). An English statesman, born in London. After an education at Eton, he held a conunission in the army for a short period. At twenty-one years of age he made a runaway marriage at (iretna Green with Harriet Chol- niondeley, who died three years after. He married Lady Louisa Elizixbeth Grey, daughter of Earl Grey, eighteen months later, and by this union strengthened his political position. In 1813 he entered Parliament for Durham as an advanced Liberal. In 1828 he was created Baron Durham of the city of Durham. He was one of the four persons who prepared the Reform Bill and sup- ported it in the Hou.se of Lords. In 1833 he was appointed ambassador extraordinary to Russia. After a .second mission to Russia he was appoint- ed in 1838 Governor-General of Canada, where a formidable rebellion had broken out. In his efforts to suppress the insurrection, he exceeded the powers conferred upon him. and Lord Brough- am, with whom he had differences, took advan- tage of the situation to interpellate his conduct in the House of Lords. Incensed at a vote of dis.ipproval. Durham returned to England with- out being recalled or obtaining the royal consent. The important repnrt on Canadian affairs pre- pared under his direction by his secretary. Charles Buller, advocated liberal changes in colonial pol- icy which were adopted by his successors. He died at Cowes, Isle of Wiglit, in 1840. DURHAM BOOK, The. An edition of the Gospels, with Northumbrian-Saxon glosses, the work of Saint Cuthbert, the sixth Bishop of Durham. DURHAM CATTLE. See Cattle. DURHAM LETTER, TuE. A letter of Lord .Jolin r.ussell tii the Bislmp iil Durliani in 1850, protesting against the invasiun of Catholicism in the United Kingdom, and especially in the Es- tablished Church itself. It resulted in the pas- sage of a bill, which, however, was not enforced, against the estal)lisluncnt of a Roman Catholic lncr:irchy in Rutland. DU'RIAN (.Malay duryon), or DU'RION (Durio zibethinus) . A fruit-tree of the Malayan Archipelago, of the natural order Malv.acca-. It is a lofty tree, with leaves resembling those of the cheiry, and with large bunches of pale- yellow llowers. The fruit is of the size of a large cocoanut: roundish oblong, with a hard thick rind, covered with soft spines, so that it sonunvhat resembles a hedgehog rolled up. The pulp of the fruit is of creamy consistency and delicious taste, but has a smell which is very repidsive luitil a taste for the fruit is ,ae- quired. Persons accustomed to it, however, uni- versally regard the durian as one of the very finest fruits of the East. In the Indian markets it commands a higher price than any other native fruit. It contains ten or twelve seeds as large as pigeons' eggs, which, when roasted, are not inferior to chestnuts. One tree yields about 200 fruits in a year. For illustration, see' Plate of Dahlias, etc. DU'RIE, or DURY, .ToiiN (1590-1680). A Scotch Protestant advocate of Church unity. He was born in Edinburgh; his education was received at Sedan and Leyden, and mo.st of his life was passed on the Continent. At home he held the position of chaplain to Charles I. and Jlarv, Princess of Grange, aiul was a mem- ber of the Westniinslcr Assembly, His reputa- tion rests upon his indefatigable, though fruit- less, efl'orts to unite the Lutheran and Reformed, the Presbyterian and Con<:regationaI churches, an object for which he pleatied in every pla<e to which his extensive travels brought him, and with every prominent person he met. He died at Cassel, Germany, September 26, 1689. DURING, du'ring, AuGf STE. See Crellinoeb, AviilSTK DtRTXG. DURINGSFELD, du'ringsfflt. Ida vow (1815 70). A (Jcrman author, born at Militsch, Lower Silesia. She was the daughter of an army ofriccr. and was a diligent student of lan- guages. <levoting herself particularly to Italian and Bohemian folk-hire. .She published a volume of poems entitled Ordichfc von Thekla (1835; 2d vol. entitled Fitr DUh. 18.50, 2d ed.. 1865). Her other productions include: Hchloss Ooc^yn, a novel (2d ed., 1845): Magdalene, a novel (1844); fikizzcn atis der vornchmen Writ (184245); Marr/areta von Valois. a historical novel (1847) ; lilihmische Rosen, a collection of Bohemian folk- songs (1851) ; Liedcr nun Toxranu. Tuscan folk- songs (2d ed.. 1859) ; lUirh drnlciriirdiijcr Frauen (5th ed.. 1890). Several ethnosraphical works were written by her in collaboration with her husband, who committed suicide on the day after her death. DU'RIS (Lat., from Gk. AoCpts, Douris) OP SATIIOS (c.3.50 H.C.-C.2.80 n.<-.). A Greek his- torian. :i descendant of Alcibiades, and brother