Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/615

* DUKANDUS. 537 DURATION. Si)ccutum was basic in its inllueiice upon the developuieiil of lejntl procedure, so the Uatioiiule may l>e accepted as the standard work on the liturgy ot the Roman L'atholic Church. It was published at Mainz in 14oU, and is one of the lirst specimens of the art of printing. DTJRANGO, drii7-r:in'gi> (also known as Gua- diana or I'iudad de 'ictoria). The capital of the State of Durango. Mexico, 4S0 miles north by west of Mexico I'ity. on tlic Funal Kiver and on the Mexican International Railway (Map: Mexico, F 5). It is situated nearly 7000 feet above sea-level, in a plain at the foot of the Cerro del Mercado, a mountain of iron. The city is an episcopal see, and contains a liandsome cathedral. Other imposing buildings include the Government palace, city hall, theatre. liospital, penitentiary, and the mint. The mint dates from 1811, and coins annuallv gold and silver to the amount of about .•? 1,000,000. There is a college, formerly controlled by the Jesuits. The city is lighted by electricity, and has street railways. Durango is in an agricultural and stock-raising district, and is an important min- ing centre: it has also cotton and woolen mills, flour-mills, sugar-cane mills, ' foundries, and a large tobacco-factory. It is the leading com- mercial city of the State. There are thermal and mineral springs in the vicinity. Durango was founded in 1563 by Alonzo de Pacheco and shortly afterwards was created a bishop's see. It remained comparatively unimportant until the discovery of the valuable mines of Guarisa- mey. Population, in 18!1,5, 26,428. DURANGO. An inland State of Mexico, bounded on the north by L'hihuahua, on the east and southeast by Coahuila and Zacatecas, and on the west and southwest by Sinaloa (Jlap: Mexico. Go). Area, .38.009 square miles. The western portion is traversed by the rugged Sierra Madre Mountains. The eastern portion con- sists of an elevated plateau, arid and unpro- ductive in the north : fertile, though lacking water, in the central district: while nearly 1000 square miles in the south consist of volcanic hills, known as La Brefia. The principal rivers are the Xazas, the Mesquital. and the Rio de las Palmas. The cooling intlucnce of snow- on the mountains makes the climate generally healthful, especially in the eastern part. The western slope is intensely hot during the greater part of the year. The raising of cattle and sheep is the j>rinci[)al industry: agricultural production is limited, being confined to wheat and vegetables in the more fertile eastern dis- tricts, and sugarcane and cotton along the river valleys. The State is rich in minerals, prin- cipally silver, while large quantities of iron, gold, zinc, and lead are also obtained. The mines are managed chicHy 1)V .American capital- ists. The Jlexican International and the Cen- tral railways cross the State. The chief town is Durango. the capital Iq.v,). Population, in 189.'), 292. .549: in 1900. 371.274. a large propor- tion being Indian. DURANGO. A town and the county-seat of La Plata County, Colo., 450 miles southwest of Denver, on the Las Animas River, and on the Denver and Rio Grande and the Rio Grande Southern railroads (Map: Colorado, D 3). It is the commercial centre for southwestern Colo- rado, a section devoted to mining, stock-raising. and agriculture. Durango has smelting and reduction works, iron - works, flouring - mills, and extensive coal and coke interests. Popula- tion, in 1890, 2726; in 1900, 3317. DURANT', He.nky Fowle (originally Henry Welles Smith) (1822-81). An American lawyer and philanthropist. Imrn at Hanover. N. II. He graduated at Harvard in 1841, studied law with Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, and subsequently built up a i]iolitabIe practice in Boston. On the death of his only son in 1863, he abandoned the practice of the law, devoted his life to the cause of religion, and from 1864 to 1875 was a lay preacher in Massachusetts and Xew Ham])shire. He is best known, however, as the founder of Wellesley College (q.v.). to which he contributed between one and two millions of dollars. DURANTE, drrrr-ran'ta. Francesco (1684- 175.">i. An Italian coiii]ii)scr. one of the founders of the Neapolitan school of music. He was chapel-master in Xaples. and in 1742 was at the head of the Conscrvatorio Santa Maria di Loreto in that city. He had great fame as a teacher, and the most celebrated masters of the earlier school of Italian opera, among them Duni, Jommelli, Piccinni, Pergolcsi. Sacchini, and Paisiello. were among his pupils. l_'nder Durante the Xeapolitan school reached the tli- ma.x of its celebrity, and it was in this school that the great traditions of Italian vocal art were established. As a composer he adhered to the severe style of the early Italian masters and devoted himself almost entirely to sacred nuisic. DURANTIS. du'riiN'tds', Gulielmus. See DuR-vMn s. Gulielmus. DURAO, doo-roux'. .Tosi?; D. S.VXT. Ritt.. See San r.v Ritta Dirao. DURAS, du'ras'. Claire Lechat de Iversaint. Duchess of (1777-1828). A French novelist, whose 0»n7,-n (1823) ami Etlouard (1825) repre- sent the best phase of the culture of the Restora- tion, with a deep spirit of Christian resignation and yet with instincts of democratic social re- volt that foreshadow the socialistic fiction of George Sand (q.v.). DURATION (ML. duratio, from Lat. diirare, to la^t 1 . iir Persistence ix Time. The simplest temporal determination of mental processes. It may be assumed that every simple conscious proc- ess and every state of consciousness has a nor- mal duration, varying with variation of circum- stances, but still capable of numerical statement. The ascertainment of this normal duration is of importance to an exact psychology, and a good deal of work has accordingly been done upon it. Unfortunately, the complication of factors is so great, even in the most favorable case — that of sensation — that the results so far obtained must be taken with reserve. Suppose, e.g. that we fry to determine the duration of pressure sensation by applying an intermittent stimulation at a cliosen point of the cutaneous surface, and not- ing the rapidity at which the stimuli may fol- low each other without gi"ing rise to a single continuous jiressure. If we mark the point at which the stimuli are still just sullicienf- ly separated to give a rough, thrilling percep- tion, we shall say that the shin can discrim- inate pressures of -^f^^ of a second's duration and under. If, on the other hand, we demand that the pressure sensations he full and clear.