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* DUNOIS. 528 DUNSTAN. el Charles d'Orlcans (Paris, 1S44) ; Beaucourt, Hisloire de Charles MI. (« vols., Paris, 1885- 91); N'allet do Viriville, Hisloire de Charles XIl. (Paris, 18G2). Dunois appears in Scott's Qucntin Duraard. DUNOON, dun-oon'. One of the most fre- quented sea-bathing plaws and summer resi- dences in the west of Scotland, situated in the southeast of Argyllshire, on tlic Firth of Clyde, nine miles west of Greenock (Maj): Scotland, I) 4). Dunoon Castle, of which only a small part now remains, stood on a conical hill near the pier, and was once a royal i)alace and strong fortress. Population, police burgh, 1901, 6772. DUNRA'VEN, Windham Thomas Wy>-miAM- QuiN. Fourth Earl of (1841—). An English politician, lie was born at Adare Abbey: was educ.ited at Christ Church, Oxford: entered the arniv in 1SG5; and was war correspondent for the 'Daily Telegraph in Abyssinia and during the Franco-Prussian War. In Lord Salisbury's administrations of lSar)-8 and 1886-87. he was Under-Secretary for the Colonies, and from 1S88 to 1890 was chairman of the House of Lords Committee on Sweating. Ho has twice competed, unsuccessfully, for the .4 ni erica's Cup in the in- ternational vacht races. His publications in- clude: The Great Divide (1874); The Irish Question (1880): Self-Instruetion in the Theory and Practice of Ifaviriation (1900). DTTNSINANE, diin'si-nan'. One of the Sid- law Hill-, in tlic east of Perthshire. Scotland, lOPi feet high, seven miles northeast of Perth. facing Birnam Hill (q.v.) (Map: Scotland, E 3). On the siunmit arc the remains of '.Mac- beth's Castle.' an ancient fortification. DTJNS SCO'TTJS. One of the greatest think- ers of the iliddle Aijcs. who. by hi's acumen, won for himself the title 'Doctor Subtilis,' or 'Subtle Teacher.' He was born either in 1265 or in 1274. The place of his birth is not known. England, Scotland, and Ireland all claim him. He entered the Order of Franciscans, studied at Oxford, and in 1.301 became professor of theology there. His prelections were attended by crowds of auditors. In 1304 be removed to Paris, and in 1308 to Cologne, where he died in November of the same year. The general principles of the Scotist system of philosophy deviate only in some points from the Tbomist doctrine. Duns Seotus e.stablishcs the necessity of revelation on the ground that reason does not teach us clearly and plainly the highest end of our existence — the in- tuition of God. In addition to natural knowl- edge or philosophy, revelation is necessary to enable man to know the fullness of truth, and, on the basis of this knowledge, to fulfill his eter- nal destiny. Revelation, tlicrcfore. supplements and ))crfccts this knowledge: and consequently no contradiction can exist between them. The object of theologv is God. as God "sub rations deitatis." while philosophy only treats of God in ns far as He is the first' cause of things. Theology is a practical science, directed not so much to the removal of ignorance as toward the furtherance of our siilvation. The incorruptibility and im- mortalitv of tlic hum;in soul lie linlils to be a truth of' faith, which cannot be demonstrated by reason. Duns Seotus was a realist in philosophy (see XoMiNAT.isM). and yet maintained that uni- versals do not need to be differentiated to l«>eome individuals. Individuality is original, and the universal, while pree.isting in God's plan, has real existence only in the individuals, from wliich, by abstraction, the human mind comes to cognize it. The supreme function of mind is for Duns Seotus, not thought, as for Thomas Aquinas, but will; and he maintained the i)osi- tion by acutely pointing out that clear thought presupposes the exercise of will in attention. Will is free, he taught, and not determined liy motives. This is true, not only of men, but of God, wlio therefore does not, as Thomas Aquinas asserts, command an action because He sees it to be good, but makes it good by commanding it. Duns Seotus had numerous adherents, the best known among whom was Francis of Mayro (d.l32u). But when the revival of learning came, the 'Dunsmcn,' or followers of Duns, 'raged in every pulpit' against the new classic studies, and lirouglit their name into such disrepute as stupid obstructionists that the word dunce ( = Dunsman) came to mean a blockhead. The most famous of Duns Scotus's works, besides his commentaries on the Bible and Aristotle, is his commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard, called the "0/)Hs Oj-oiiicnxc. of which the Ojnis Parisiense is an abridgment. The chief edition of his works is that prepared by his order, and usually assigned to Luke Wadding (12 vols., Lyons," 1639), but it is by no means complete, containing only his philosophical works; nor is it all authentic, as at least one of the volumes is a compilation of lecture notes taken by his hearers. Duns Scotus's works have not received the attention they deserve, and a satisfactory work on his philosojihy is still to seek. Consult: Werner, Duns Seotus (Vienna. 1881); Pluzan- ski. Essai snr la philosophic dc Duns Scolus (Paris, 1887); Siebeck, "Die Willenslehre bei Duns Seotus und seinen Nachfolgern," in Zeit- schrift fiir Philosophic (Berlin, 1898) ; Eoyce, Conception of Cod (New York, 1898); also the histories of philosophy by Ueberweg, Erdmann, Windclband, and Hi'ilTding. DTIN'STAN, Saint (925-88). An English archbishop and statesman. lie was bom at or near Cdastonbury in 925, and was educated by certain Iri* sciiolars living at the school at- tached to the old monastery of Glastonbury. Dunstan became a le;iriicd scliolar. and he was also a musician, a painter and a calligrapher, and a worker in metals. After a short time at Court, he became a monk and acquired a great reputation for sanctity. Near the church at Glastonbury he erected a cell, live feet in length by two and one-half in breadth, the floor sunk "beneath the surface, while the roof on the outside was only breast-high. Here, after distributing all his goods to the poor, for he had inherited riches, he led an ascetic life, and the fame of his sanctity spread. He also devoted himself to the study of Scripture and the Fathers of the Church, and became one of the most learned men of his times. On the accession of Edmund to the throne in 040, Dunstan was recalleil to Court. The King made him Abbot of Glaston- bury (c.945), and increased the privileges of the monastery. I'nder Edmund's successor. Edrcd, Dunst;in enjoyed great favor and now began to distinsjuish himself as a statesman. It was probablv to Dunstan that the complete subjuga- tion of the Northimibrian Danes was due. He