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* DUNFEKMLINE. 524 DUNKIRK. with the rise of Scottish dissent : Ralph Erskine, brother of Ebenezer (q.v.). and one of those wlio joined the latter in the secession movement in 1737, was assistant minister there; and fifteen years later the resistance of the presbj-tery of Dunfermline to the attempt to force a minister upon a conjiregatiou led to the formation of the Relief Church. (See Presbyteria.nism. ) Con- sult Chalmers. Hisloricul Account of Ditnferm- . line (Edinburgh, 1844-59). BTJNFISH. Codfish cured so that they have a (lark or dun color. They are split and par- tially salted, piled away in a dark place, cov- ered with eel-grass, and pressed. They are then uncovered and closely packed for several months, when they are ready for use. The process gives them a peculiar flavor. DUNGAR'VAIT. A municipal borough, sea- port, and bathing-place in Waterford County, Ireland. 25 miles west-southwest of Waterford (Map: Ireland, D 4). It has important fisheries and an export trade in grain, butter, cattle, and fish. Dungarvan has the remains of an Augus- tinian abbey, founded in the seventh century by Saint Ga'rvan. Population, in 1891, 5203; in ihoi. 4850. DUNG-BEETLE. A name given to various beetles of the family Scarabida?, belonging chiefly to the genera Canthon. Copris, Phanaeus, Apho- dius, Geotrupes, and Trox. All these beetles breed in dimg. either in situ, or which they have transported in pellets or balls to burrows in the ground. Thus they are useful as seat- terers and disposers of oft'ensive matter. Some forms carry their scavenging propensities still further, and feed on decaying animal matter and on fungi. The American tumblebugs belong to the first three genera enumerated, and are the forms most familiar to us, because they are so frequently seen rolling their pellets along roadways and in pastures. Both sexes unite in the labor of rolling the balls, within which the eggs are laid. Cnnthon Iccris is a dull, blackish-brown beetle, the commonest species of its genus. I'haiKTiis ciiniifex of eastern North America has a copper-colored thorax and green elytra ; the head of the male is horned. Copris Carolina is a black, horned species, occurring along the Atlantic slope as far north as Massa- chusetts. The genus Aphodius has more than one hundred species in America, frequenting the dung of cattle and horses in pastures. The adults are on the wing during warm days of autumn. The most common species is Aphodius fimetarius. with red wing-covers. Geotrupes digs breeding-holes in the earth, into which the female rolls chunks of the dung as food for the young. The skin-beetle genus. Trox. feeds on decaying animal hoofs and hair. Dung-beetles have long attracted the attention of man. The Egv'ptians contemplated them with veneration, placed them in the tombs together with their dead, sculptured and painted them on their sar- cophagi, and made imitations of them of various materials, often of prcciois stones. The ball of dung the Egj-ptians supposed represented the earth, and the beetles the sun : moreover, they v<ere thought to be a race of males, and hence were the s^-mbol of warriors. This last super- stition was carried to Rome. See Scarab.i:id.e and illustrations on Plate of Beetles. Consult Ward, "A Popular Treatise on Egv'ptian Scarabs," in Art and History (London, 1901). DUNGEON. See Do.njon. DUNGENESS'. A headland funning the southern extremity of Kent, England, ten miles southeast of Rye (Map: England, H 0). It has a fort and a liglithouse. DUNGTLISON, Robley (1798-1869). An American pliysieian. He was born in England, was educated in Germany, and in 1824 was called to the chair of medicine in the University of Virginia. From 1833 to 1830 he was pro- fessor in the Universitv of JIarvland. and from 1830 to ISOS in the .TefTcrson 'Medical College in Philadelphia. He was a diligent student, and was the author of a large number of excel- lent medical books, among which are a Medical Dictionar;/ (1833), and General Therapeutics and Materia Medica (1857). Consult .1/cmoir of Dr. Robin/ Dunnlison, bv his son, Dr. R. J. Dung- lison (Philadelphia, 1870). DUNI, don'ne, Egidio Romo.li)0 (1709-75). An Italian composer. He was born at Matera and studied imder Durante at the Conscrvatorio dei Poreri di Gesil Cristo at Naples. He traveled extensively, and in 1757 went to Paris. Here he wrote in all eighteen very melodious operas, distinguished less by dramatic expression than by that sprightly gaycty so jHipular with the French audiences. Among these are: Le pcintre amoureux dc son modcle ; Le doctcur Saiifirado: La fille mat gardce; L'ile des fous; and Lcs nnjissonneurs. DUN'ITE (named from Dun mointain in New Zealand). A rock composed almost entirely of olivine. See PERinoTiTE. DUNKAEDS, or DUNKERS. See Germai? Baptist Hketuren. DUNKER. dooi/ker, WiLiiELM Berniiard (1S09-S5). A C4erman mineralogist. He was born at Eschwege, Hesse, and was educated at Giittingen. He was professor of mineralogy' and geognosy at Marburg from 1854 until his death, in association with Hermann von Meyer he founded (1846) the scientific periodical entitled Palcontoijraphi'Ca, licitriiqe zur Xaturgeschichte dcr Vnrirelt, of which thirty volumes had been published up to 1883. His principal wcuks com- prise the following: licilrarje zur Kcnntniss des norddeutschen Oolithenpcbildes und dcssen Ver- steinerunflen (with Fricdrieh Koch, 1837) ; Mononraphie dcr norddeutschen Wealdcnbildung ( 1846) ; Index Molluscorum Otiincensiuni' ( 1853) ; Mollusca Japonica (1801); Index Molluscorum Maris Japonici (1882). DUNKIRK, dun'kcrk (Celt., church on the downs), or DrxKERgi'E. . fortified seaport of France, capital of an arrondisscmcnt in the De- partment of Nord. on the Strait of Dover, 1.55 miles north of Paris, and 28 miles northeast of Calais (Map: France, .T I ) . The town is con- nected by railway and canal with the principal manufacturing centres of Belgium and France. It is surrounded by ramparts and ditches, and forms j)ar( of an extensive system of fortifica- tions, which includes Calais and Gravclines. The harbor is diflicult of access and sliallow. but the roadstead afTords good anchorage. The town is well built, the streets spacious and well paved, the houses chiefly of brick. Its quay and pier.