Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/556

* DUANE. 484 DU BARRY. Calcutta. In coiisui|Ui'me ol" too free criticism of tlic Ciovernmcut iiulliorities there, Dunne was kidnapped at the command of Sir .John Shore, the (jovernor, and deported to Eujjlaud, while his property in India wa.s eonliseated. Duane's ef- torl;- to secure relief, either from the East India Company or the British Government, were un- availing', and he ai;ain entered the field of jour- nali>m, Ix-eoming editor of the (Itncnil Adiir- tiscr, in London, a paper which later became the London Times. In 171)5 he returned to America, where he became associated with Benjamin Franklin Bache in Philadelphia, in editing the A urora, one of the strongest Kepublican organs in the country. Forming an alliance with Michael Lcib and other radical Kepublicans. he dominated the party in Pennsylvania for several years. In the Aiiiuru, following the journalistic methods introduced in America by Cobbett, he attacked his political and personal enemies bit- terly and unsparingly, filling his columns with fierce invective, insinuations, and scandal of every sort. Not only were the Federalists the objects of his attacks, but, disappointed in not receiving from JelVerson rewards commensurate with what he conceived to be the value of his services to him, he set out to hamper the Ad- ministration, and to sow discord among its members. He attacked Gallatin constantlj', at- tempting to arouse JetTerson's jealousy by de- claring that he was seeking to become his suc- cessor in the Presidency. In 1800 charges made by him in connection with the Ross Electoral Count Bill led to his being summoned before the bar of the I'nited States Senate on a charge of libel, lie was arraigned, but refused to ap- pear for trial or put in a defense, denying the Senate's jurisdiction. He was adjudged guilty of contempt, and his arrest ordered, but he was never arrested. In Pennsylvania politics he exerted great influence, and originated the or- ganization known as the "Friends of the People' in opposition to that wing of the party repre- sented by Gallatin. Dallas, and MeKean. In 1804 he pressed the wholesale impeachment of the State Supreme Court judges. The transfer of the .seat of government to Washington de- creased the importance of the .1 urora, which grew more abusive as its influence grew less. In 1808, just before retiring. .TefTerson appointed Duane a lieutenant-colonel in the army. He con- tinued to edit the Aurora, and attacked Madi- son in particular, who quieted him in 181."! by an appointment as adjutant-general. He sold the Aurora in 1822. and after traveling in South America, wrote an account of it entitled .1 Vinit to rolumbia in lS2.i-23 (1824). He also pub- lished The }fissi.i.iippi QucDiion (180.3): ilili- Ian/ Dictionary (1810) ; An Epitome of the Arts and Sciences (1811); Handbook for Riflemen (181.3); nandhook for Infantri/ (I8I3); and American Military Library (ISlO). DTrAKTE. Wntl.M .lonN (1780-1865). An American lawyer and financier. He was horn in t'lnnmel. Ireland; studied law; was admitted to the liar in 1815. and practiced his profession in Philadelphia. He obtained distinction as a lawyer, and, becoming interesteil in education. ser'ed as a trustee and subsequently as a di- rector of Oirard College. In 18.33 he was ap- pointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Jackson, but was removed later in the year for refusing to withdraw the Government deposits irom the Lnited Slates Bank williout authority from Congress. He was the author of The Laic of ations Incestiyutcd (180!)); Letters on In- ternal Improvements (1811); and .Varrad'rc and Correspondence Concerning the Uemoiul of the Deposits (1838). DUBAN, du'ba.N-', JACQfES FtLix (ITiiT- 187(1) • -V French architect. He was born in Paris, and was educated by Debret at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, an<l in Italy, where he remained lor several years. Kcturning to Paris in 1828, he was appointed architect lor the Ecole des Ik-aux- Arts in 1832, and intrusted with the extension of that building. About 1845 he undertook the resto- ration of the palaces of Blois, Dampierre, and Chantilly. As architect of the Louvre he dis- played admirable taste in restoring the facade of the old wing of the building and in making various other noteworthy improvements. Many of his arcliitectural designs, such as the "Kssai de restauration d'une niaison antique it Pom- pi'i." and the "Etudes faites en Italic," were exhibited in the Salon. DU BARRY, du biVr^', Marie Jeanne B£cu, Countess (1743-!I3). The celebrated mistress of louis XV. She was buin Augu-.t I!). 1743. at Vaucouleurs. and was the natural daughter of a woman named Anne Becu, who. about the year 1749, returned to Paris with her two ehihiren, Jeanne and Claude, and married a domestic named Rancon. The Ix'auty of little Jeanne won her many friends, chief of whom was the rich financier and philanthropist. M. liillaud-Diunon- ceaux. Through him and the Abbe Arnaud she was admitted to the convent school of Sainte Aurore. There she remained for some seven or eiglit years, acquiring but little knowleilge and enduring a great deal of irksome discipline. Emerging from the convent at the age of fifteen, Jeanne BPeu, or Jeanne Rancon. as she appears then to have been called, dwelt with her mother for a time and then became a la<ly's maid to Mme. de la Garde and later a milliner in the house of a certain Sieur Labillc. where she doul]tless had many love aflairs. She was at this time known as Mile. Lange. but soon as- sumed the more aristocratic cognomen of Beau- varnier. In the midst of her gallantries. .Teannc Bi'cu met the dissolute Comte .Jean du Barry, known specifically as 'the Roue,' who made her his mistress and induced her to change her name to Vaubamier or Vaubernier. by which she is generally known with the subsequently added prefix Gomard. For four years she pre- sided over the gaming roonis of her lover, until, in the spring of 1708. she came in the path of Louis XV.. who was immediately captivated by her charms, and made her his mistress. To add a show of decency to the matter, a hu-^band was found for her in the person of Comte Guillaume du. Barry, the brother of Comte .lean. For five years the du Barry ruled King and Court. The Due d'.iguillon was her confidant and adviser, the Chancellor Maupeou used her inllucncc to dismi'is and exile the Parlemcnt in 1771. while the .l>b<' Ternay was suave and polite to her at all times. She was the jialron of artists and men of letter*, and during her rci^ni she is esti- mated to have cost France 35.000.000 livres. She had ninnerous enemies, however, chief of wlmm was the Due de Choiseul, Minister of Foreign .f-