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* DRUSES. 479 DRYBURGH ABBEY. Druses of the Lehanon (London, 18G0) ; Church- ill, Ten Years' Ucsiikiice in Mount Lebanon (Loudon, LS.53) ; id.. The Druses and Maroniles Under Turl;ish Rule from IS.'iO to 1S60 (London, 1SG2): Guys, La nation druse (Paris. 1804); id.. La iheoijonie des Druses (Paris, 1803) ; Oli- pliant. Iiiind of (Ulead (Loudon. 1880) ; id., Haifa I Loudon, 1887). DRTJSIL'LA. ( 1 ) The daiijjhter of Gorniani- ciis ami .i,'rippiiia. Ixirn in ..i). 15. She lived with her lirother Caligula as his mistress until her death in A.n. 38. (2) The daughter of llerod Agrippa L, King of .Judea. l^he married Azizus, King of Emesa, hut forsook him and married Antoninus Feli.x, who became Governor of .ludea. and before vhom Saint Paul appeared at C'ffisarea. DRTJSIUS, droU'si-iis. Joiia>nes (.Jan van DER Dr.iEsi HE) (1550-116). A 1> lemish Protes- tant ck^rgyinan and scholar, born at Oudenarde. He studied at Ghent. Louvain. and Cambridge, and in 1572 wa.s appointed professor of Ori- ental languages at O.vford. In 1577 he obtained a similar chair at Leyden, ami from 1585 until his death held the professorship of Hebrew at the University of Franeker. His fame attracted thither students from England and the Protes- tant countries of the Continent. He was em- ployed by the States-General to annotate the Old Testament, and his edition is to be found in the Criliri .Saeri (London. 1060; Amsterdam, 1098). His reputation for Hebrew scholarship is justi- fied by his published works. Consult; Niceron, ili'nioires des homines, vol. xxii. (Paris, 1733), and Dicstel. deschiehte des alien Testaments in der ehrix<Jiihen Kirche (.Jena, 180'J)- DRU'STJS. The name of a distinguished fam- ily of the gens Livia, liich contributed a large proportion of eminent men to the Roman com- monwealth. The most consjiicuous of the Drusi were: (1) M. Livius Drusis, tribune of the people in B.C. 122, who upheld the cause of the Senate and the nobles against his democratic colleague, Gaius Gracchus. (2) His son, who bore the same name as himself, and kept Rome in perpetual turmoil and disorder from B.C. 100 till his death in B.C. 01. though identified by birth and sympathy with the patricians, Drusus. to win the people, revived some of the most liberal measures of the Gracchi, and carried agrarian and frumentarian laws. During the latter years of his life he contrived to gather into his own hands the threads of the various prditical movements which resulted in the Social War-; but his almost ineredil)le pride and arro- gance had made him so many enemies that his, death, in the (lower of his age. was regretted as little by his friends as by his foes. (3) The most illustrious of the Drusi was Nero Claudius Drusus, commonly called Drusus Senior, the stepson of the Emperor Augustus, and younger brother of the Emperor Tiberius. He was born in B.C. 38. and as he grew up, developed splendid personal r|Ualities as well as the highest capacity for civil and military ad'airs. He began liis jjublic career in B.C. 10. and signalized himself when only twenty-three years old by his defeat of the Khretians and other Alpine tribes which were disturbing the north of Italy. In n.c. 13 he was sent into f!aul, then in revolt, and. after crush- ing the rebels there, pushed across the Rhine in pursuit of their German allies. In this cam- paign he subdued the Sigambri and Frisii, and forced his way to the (Jerman Ocean, licing the first Roman general to do so. From this time he strove to establish the Roman supremacy in Gernumy, ])artly by compiest. and partly by the execution of great military works. Among tlicse latter may be mentioned the canal joining the Uhine with the Vssel, the two liridgi's oviT the Kliine itself, and the embankments of the Vahalis (Waal). In B.C. 11 he conquered the I'sipetes, the Cherusci, and the Suevi ; in the following year, the Chatti and Xcrvii; and was prosecuting the work of subjugation in B.C. 9, wlien a fall from his horse cut short his brilliant career in his thirtieth year. For his e.i)loi(s in Germany. Drusus was rewarded with the title of Germanicus, a surname which passed over to his cclelirnted son. See Germanicus. DBUSTJS, Arch of. A travertine arch coated with marble over the Appian Way in Rome, said to have been erected in honor of Claudius Dru- sus. In reality it is simply an arch of the aqueduct built by Caracalla to su[)ply his baths. DRUSUS C^'SAR, usually called Drusus JiNioR ( ?A.D. 23). The son" of the Emperor Tiberius liy liis iirst wife. He was made qu.estor in A.D. 10, and consul in A.n. 15, but degraded the oliice by his excesses, and his father sent him with the army to lllyria. In a.d. 22 he received the trihunicia potestns, and was looked upon as heir to the throne. Deeming Sejanus to be his rival, Drusus struck him in the face; whereupon Sejanus, in revenge, deliberately won the affec- tions of Livia, Drusus's wife, and together they caused the death of Drusus by poison. DRY'ADS (Lat. dryas, from Gk. Spvas, dry as, wood-nymph, from 5p0s, drys. tree. oak), or Hamadkyads. The nymphs of the trees and for- ests. According to the popular belief each tree (or, at any rate, each large or conspicuous tree) had its own dryad, who came into life with it, tenderly watched its growth, and died when it fell. The dryad was sometimes conceived as dwelling in her tree, sometimes as merely living near it. The name dryad is also employed in a general sense for nymphs who merely dwell in the forest, without association with particular trees. Sec XyMnis. DRYANDEB, dni-an'der, Ernst (184.'?— ). A German Protestant theologian, born in Halle. He was educated at the universities of Halle and Tiibingen ; from 1874 to 1882 was jiastor of the Evangelical congregation in Bonn, and in the lat- ter year became [lastor of the Church of the Holy Trinity in Berlin, where he quickly became known for his pulpit eloquence. In 1808 he was ap- pointed Court preacher, and in 1001 a life mem- ber of the Upper House of Prussia. His publica- tions include I'redigtcn iiher das ehrislliche Leben (3d ed. 1800), and Per erste Brief Johan- nis in I'rrdiyten ausijelegt (1808). DRYANDER, Fkanz. See Enzinas. DRY'ASDUST, Rev. Dr. The imagnnary per- son who ■.ign>- iIk' introductory epistles to several of Scott's novels and the conclusion to Redf/annt- let. The name is used as a synonym for a prosy writer, and has becmiie famous through Carlyle. DRY'BURGH ABBEY. An imi)ressive ruin near .Melrose, Scotland, which contains the tomb of Sir Walter Scott. It is an admirable example