Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/518

DRAWING-BOARD. runs in the opposite direction. The wet paper is attached to the edges of the board with paste or thin glue, and when dry, becomes perfectly firm and flat. The same kind of board is used for charcoal or crayon drawing, in which case the paper is merely pinned to the board.

DRAW-PLATE. A steel plate with a graduated series of holes, through which metals are drawn in making them into wires or bars. See.

DRAY'TON, Michael (1563-1631). An English poet. He was born in Hartshill, in Warwickshire. Of the events of his life but little is known. He was a page probably in the household of Sir Henry Goodere of Powlesworth, to whom he was indebted for his early education. In 1591 he was in London, although under James he failed in efforts to gain the royal favor. He began his literary career with a metrical rendering of parts of the Bible called The Harmony of the Church (1591). The volume was condemned by the authorities, and all but forty copies of the edition were destroyed. This was followed, in 1593, by nine eclogues with the title, The Shepherd's Garland; and in 1594 by a series of sonnets, in which was celebrated some unknown woman, under the name 'Idea'. Drayton's famous sonnet ("Since there's no help, come let us kiss and part") belongs to a later period. England's Heroical Epistles (1597) was a successful imitation of Ovid's Heroides. In 1603 appeared a long historical poem, called The Barons' Wars, parts of which, in another metrical form, had been published seven years before. Some of Drayton's very best work-as the Ballad of Agincourt—is con- tained in Poems, Lyrical and Pastoral (about 1605). For many years he had been at work on a long descriptive poem. It was published under the title Poly-Olbion (first installment 1613; complete, 1622). Though monotonous as a whole, it contains fine passages. Drayton opened a new vein in the fairy poem Nimphidia, one of a collection of poems published in 1627. This new vein was further worked in the ten Nimphalls, in the Muses' Elysium (1630). He also collaborated in several plays. Though much of his work is uninteresting, he wrote many choice poems. We have nothing more dainty than his fairies, and no finer martial ballad than his Agincourt. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. The Spenser Society has reprinted Poems of 1605 (1885-87), Poems, Lyric and Pastoral (1891), Poly-Olbion (1890), and Muses' Elysium (1892). Consult, also, selections from the Poems, by H. Morley (London. 1878): and by Bullen. privately printed at Chilworth (1883); and Elton. Introduction to Drayton (Manchester, 1895).

DRAYTON, WILLIAM HENRY (1742-79). An American Revolutionary patriot. He was born on the family estates in South Carolina; went to England in 1753, with Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Thomas Pinckney: was educated at Westminster School and at Balliol College, Oxford: returned to South Carolina in 1764; and soon afterwards was admitted to the bar. In 1769 he wrote, under the signature 'Free man. a series of letters against the 'patriotic associations of the time, which he charged with encroaching on private rights; and largely on this account he was appointed privy councilor for South Carolina in 1771, and assistant judge in 1774. In the latter year, however, he published a vigorous anti-ministerial pamphlet, entitled Letter of a Freeman of South Carolina to the Deputies of North America, Assembled in the High Court of Congress in Philadelphia, and for this he was promptly removed from his positions as councilor and judge. He was president of the Council of Safety and of the Provincial Congress of South Carolina in 1775; was made Chief Justice of the State in March, 1776; and, while acting in this latter capacity, in April, 1776, virtually proclaimed the independence of South Carolina on the ground that King George III. having violated American rights, had by the law of the land abdicated the government, and henceforth had 'no authority' in the former colony. He acted as president of the State for a short time in 1777, during the absence of John Rutledge, and from 1778 until his death was a prominent member of the Continental Congress. Besides writing a number of powerful pamphlets, he planned a history of the Revolution, on which he had made considerable progress at the time of his death. A large part of his manuscript was destroyed, however, on the ground that it contained important State secrets, but two volumes survived. covering the history of the Southern Colonies between 1773 and 1776, and these subsequently served as the basis for a work by his son. John Drayton, entitled Memoirs of the American Revolution (Charleston, 1821).

DREAMING (from dream, OS. drōm, Icel. draumr, OHG. troum, Ger. Traum, dream: probably connected ultimately with OHG, triogan, Ger. trügen, Skt. druh, to deceive. OPers, drauga, a lie). In the profoundest sleep, there is, so far as we can tell, a total lapse of mentation: the conditions of the formation of a consciousness are not realized. There has been, it is true, much dispute as to whether the mental life is ever really extinguished in sleep; and we cannot deny the possibility of a continuance of bare organic sentiency, which is lost, on waking. in the richer ideation of the normal consciousness. But, however that may be, introspection gives us no psychological warrant for the assumption of. mental process during deep sleep. In the lighter stages of sleep, on the other hand, there is intermittent mentation; we 'dream,' and the dream-consciousness is, in large measure, accessible to our analysis.

It is probable that dreams, in the great majority of cases, are started by the stimulation of some sense-organ, and do not take their origin within the brain itself. We may darken our bedroom as we will, but we cannot rule out the intrinsic gray' or 'light dust' of the retina: For the throbbing and buzzing of the blood-circulation in the car: still less can we eliminate cutaneous and organic stimulations. There is. then, always the possibility of a sense-impression finding its way to the brain during sleep. If. now, we keep our eyes closed as we wake from a visual dream, we can often trace the dream-pattern in the light dust that is seen upon the field of the closed lids; while, conversely, if we note the pattern of the light dust before we fall asleep, and then have ourselves waked, we find that the dream has taken its form and character