Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/514

* DRAVIDIANS. 446 DRAWING. Canare~e, spreads westward from the Teluf^ dis- triil lo tlie sea, aud is eurreul aiuoiig some 10,- (jiUt.OOO persons. The Malayalaiu, spoKen by .4,000.000 individuals, runs in a narrow strip down the lower southwestern part o{ the penin- suhi. almost from .langalore to the Cape. With regard to Dravidian literature, sueh works as exist in the several languages are eom- parntively modern, despite the auti<|uity of the Dravidian civilization. Hardly one can be said to be more than a thousand years old. The Tamil and the Telugu, in fact, are the only two Dravidian languages that can be said to have any real literature. Tamil claims to have com- positions as old as the legendary sage Agastya ; but the treatises and grammatical writings at- tributed to him can hardly be ilatcil prior to the tenth century ..D. Probably not far removed from the same date is the Kitriil of Tiruvalluvar, eompri>ing poetical aphorisms in 1330 distichs (trans, by Ch. (iraul, Leii)zig, 1805), and like- wise the ■■Cintaniani,'' a romantic poem of some 15.000 verses, written by an unknown author, or again the ethical poem "Xaladiyar." which has been rendered into English by Pope (Oxford, 1803). Two centuries later the Tamil poet Kambar made a version, or ada|>tation, of the Sanskrit epic ■■Rfimfiyana." and again in the sixteenth century there was a literary revival connected with the name of the ])oet-kiiig Ati- Vira-Rama P.'indya. At the opening of the eighteenth century we find, besides the na- tive Tamil poet T.'iyumanavar, the name of a foreigner, the celebrated Italian Jesuit missionary Besehi, who wrote poetry and prose of so excellent a quality as to win him a place in Tamil literature. In more recent times, it may be added, the educational inlluences of the Madras College have done much for Tamil through translating into it the English Bible and various religious works, and Tamil may be said to possess a future as a vernacular literature. Second conies Telugu, in which the oldest ex- tant poetical work is a version made from the great Sanskrit epic Mahuhhiiruti'i, by Nan- nappa. or Xannaya Bhatta, presumably in the twelfth century A.D. Kanarese may also claim the name of a poetical writer. Kesava, who probably belonged to the same century. In the Malayfilam language, moreover, there is a poetic- al account of Kama, the heroic Prince of India, based upon the Sanskrit, and there are likewise versions of both the greater Sanskrit epics. The other Dravidian languages possess either no literature at all or none worth mentioning. BiBi.ioGRAi'iiY. The standard book on Dravid- ian is the large work by Caldwell. Comparatirc (irammar of the Draridion, or South Indian I'nniihf of Lanfiuar/es (2d ed.. London. 187.5) ; Forsyth. Uiiihhinds of Central India (London. 1871 ) : Dalton. Umcriplire Kthnohiijii of lienrjal (Calcutta. 1872): R.'elus, Primitive Folk (Xew York, IsnO) : Kingscote, Folk-Lore of Southern India (London, 1800): Oppert, Orininal In- habitants of India (London. 1803). There is also a considerable special literature for each of till" civilized Dravidian peonies. On the Dravidian languages, consult: Caldwell, Com- pariilire flrammnr of the Drnvidion Famihi of Lanfiuaijeg (London, 187.5) : Cust, Modern hnn- nunrirr) of Ihr Fast Indies (London, 1878) ; Hun- ter, Comparalirr Dietionary of the Non-Aryan Languages of India ^London, 1808), For Tamil, consult: Pope, First Lessons in Tamil (Oxford, 1801), and other works by the same author, in- cluding his English tran^lalion of the "Xfila- diyar" (Oxford, 1803) ; llult/.M-h, South Indian Inseriptions, Tamil and Sanskrit, translated (.Madras and Leipzig, 1800-0,">) ; tiraul, Ttruial- Ulcer's Kural, translated (Leipzig, 1805); on Telugu: Ardcn, I'royrcssire (Iraniniur of the Telugu Language (.Madras, 1873); Brown, Telugu-Eiiglish and English-Telugu Dictionary (Madras, 1852-5-1) ; Carr, Collection of Telugu I'rorerbs (Madras, 1808). On Kanarese or Canarese and Malayalam there are .several works pidjlished in Mangalore, Southern India. DRAWBACK. A term used to designate the ripa>njcnt of taxes, whether import duties or internal taxes, upon goods which are ex|)orted. Drawbacks ujion goods imported which are re- shipped in the original packages are rendered unnecessary by the warehouse system, which permits the deposit of goods in bond, wilhimt ])ayment of taxes until they are withdi;iwn either for export or for home consumption, in which latter case the ta.xes must be paid. If, however, the imported goods are manufactured before the reexportation, drawbacks are neees- sarj- if the payment is to be remitted. In the case of goods subject to internal tax the grant- ing of drawl)acks on the exi)ortation of the goods serves the i)urpo>e of freeing the exporting manufacturer from an increased cost of produc- tion through taxation, which liis competitors do not have to bear. Great care must be exer- cised in the mode of assessing the drawback to avoid, on the one hand, taxation, and on the other a bounty ujjon exportation. If the amount of the drawback is greater than the tax paid, it becomes a direct encouragement to exporta- tion, which may not be contemplated by the law. It is in this way that the so-called sugar boun- ties in (Jerniany and some other Continental countries arose. In the I'nited States drawbacks are allowed on imported articles exported for sale abroad, and on firearms, agricultural iniplements. etc., made of foreign materials with stocks and lian- dles of wood grown in this country, proviilcd the imported materials exceed one-half of the value of the whole material used. Every one entering merchandise for imjiortation or exportation with right of drawback is required to di'posit the orig- inal invoice of such meroliandise with the col- lector, who causes an ins|X'(tion to be made by tlie proper officer and the arlicli'S to be compared with their respective invoices before granting the permit for lading. X'o drawback is allowed on merchandise entitled to debenture under existing laws unless it be exported within three years from the date of importation. Drawbacks are also admitted for the exportation of distilled liquors and manufactured tobacco on which in- ternal revenue taxes have t>een paid. DRAWBRIDGE. See Bnii.cF:. DRAW'CANSIR. A typical arrant braggart in r.ickingham's burlesque The Ilrhenrsnl, a parody on .Mmanzor, the hero in Dryilen's Coii- ijUrst u( Cninada. DRAWING (from drair. AS.. Coth. drngnn, Icel. draga, to drag, probably conneeteil with OHG. tragan, Ger. tragen, to carry). The delin-