Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/501

* SHAKE. 433 DRAKE. identified with the Century l'iil)lishing Company as art director. DRAKE, Cii.rij:s Daxikl (1811-92). An American jurist, born in Cincinnati. He served for some years in tlie Cnitod Slates Navy, tlien studied and practiced law in liis native city, and afterwajuls went to Saint Louis, where he was a member of the Missouri Constitutional Conven- tion of 1865. From lSt>7 to 1870 he was a mem- ber of the L'nitetl States Senate, and from 1870 to 1885 was Chief .Justice of the Court of Claims in Washington. He published a Treatise on the Lair of Suits by Attachment in the United States (18541: and Union and Anti-Slaven/ Speeches (1864). DRAKE, D.vMEL (1785-1852). An American physician. He was born in I'lainfield, X. J., graduated in the medical school of the L'niversity of Pennsylvania in 1815, and settled in Cincin- nati, (thio. where he bei'ame known as a pliysi- cian and writer. In 1820 he organized the Med- ical College of Ohio in Cincinnati and secured a State appropriation for its support and that of a hospital. In 1827 he founded the llVsfeni Jour- nal of the Medical and Physical Sciences, which he continued to edit until 1848. He was con- nected, either as a lecturer or professor, at differ- ent times, with Transylvania University, Lexing- ton, Ky. ; the L'niversity of Louisville, and Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. His voluminous published works on medicine include: Topograph}/, Climate, and Diseases of Cincinnati (1810) : Practical Treatise on the History. Pre- vention, and Treatment of Epidemic Cholera (1832) : Practical Essays on Medical Education (1832); Systematic Treatise on the Principal Diseases of the Interior alley of Xorth America (1850-54). Consult Mansfield, Life of Daniel Drake (Cincinnati, 1855). DRAKE, Sir Fr.xcis (c.1540-9G). An Eng- lish ad'.niral and navigator, born at Crowndale, near Tavistock, in Devonshire. He was appren- ticed at an early age to a sea-captain and later engaged in the coasting trade for a few years. In 1565-66 Drake extended the field of his opera- tions to Guinea and the Spanish Main. In 1567-68 he commanded a ship in the Lost ex- pedition of Hawkins against the Spaniards, which ended so disastrously. After this he made two voyages to the West Indies, imder- taken for the purpose of obtaining informa- tion preparatory to the execution of a plan of revenge for Hawkins's ill-fated squadron. This done, Drake set out on a third voyage in 1572, having with him three ships and seventy-three men, and with this force captured the Spanish town of Xombre de Dios, on the Isthmus of Panama, with an enormous store of treasure, took a Spanish galleon in the harbor of Carta- gena, and burned the town of Porto Bello. Finally, the indefatigable adventurer, with eigh- teen Englishmen and thirty Indians, crossed the Isthmus of Panama and saw the South Sea, pray- ing Hod that he "might sail once in an English ship in that sea." Laden with spoil, he sailed liomeward, and reached Plymouth on Sunday, August 9, 1573. From 1573 to 1576 Drake sensed in Ireland; but in the latter year his thoughts turned to the sea. and in Deceml)er. 1577. he sailed from Plymouth for the Spanish Main with a squadron consisting of his own ship, the Pelican, of 100 tons, the Elizabeth, of 80 tons, and three smaller vessels. Tiuit this expedition against a nominally friendly power was encouraged, if not sanctiencd, by tjuecn Elizabeth, is undoubted. Drake sailed for South America, entered the Rio de la Plata, and went south to the straits of Ma- gellan. After battling with the currents for six- teen days, he entereil tlie Pacific. A furious storm separated the ileet. The Elizabeth returned to England, another vessel wiis lost with all on board, and the Pelican — renamed the Golden Hind — wa.s alone left to explore the unknown Pacific. The voyage was a series of successful exploits. The Spanish towns on the coasts of Chile and Peru were .sacked and a treasure ship was captured. Drake then steered for the northeast, hoping to find a passage back to the .Atlantic, but finding his crew unwilling to encounter the told of the high latitudes, he turned south and refitted his ships in a small harbor just north of the Golden Gate, receiving the homage of the natives in the name of t^ueen Elizabeth. He then steered across the Pacific, touched prol)ably at what are the Pelew Islands and at Ternate. in the Moluccas, and after many hazardous experiences anchored off the southwest coast of Java on ilarcli 10, 1580. Thence he struck across the Indian Ocean, doubled the Cape of Good Hope on June 15. and finally arrived at Plymouth on September 26, 1580, laden with treasure and spices. Queen Elizabeth sanctioned Drake's "reprisals,' visited the Golden Hind, and knighted her bold com- mander. Between 1581 and 1585 Drake was Mayor of Plymouth, and during a part of the year 1585 and the whole of 1586 he commanded a fieet of twenty- one ships in a successful plundering expedition against the Spanish West Indies. From the West Indies and Florida Drake made his way up the coast to Virginia, whence he sailed for England, taking with him the disheartened Raleigh colo- nists whom he had found at Roanoke. It is said that he brought back to England on this voyage both the potato and the tobacco-leaf. In the spring of 1587 Drake was sent with a fleet to raid the formidable Armaila which Philip was col- lecting for the invasion of England. He entered the harbor of Cadiz, destroyed the shipping in the roadsteads ( 10,000 tons), secured much booty, and withdrew to plunder the coast towns, de- stroying ships and fortifications as he went. From the Spanish coast he sailed for the Azores in the hoi>e of meeting any homeward-boimd ships, and was fortunate enough to secure a Por- tuguese East Indianian with a precious cargo, the first intimation England had of the vast possibilities in the East India trade. He strongly urged the Queen and her Ministers to follow up the blow already given Spain without al- lowing it time to recuperate, and served as vice- admiral imder Lord How ard in the fighting which resulted in the destruction of the .rmada (q.v.). The story is told that he kept Lord Howard from putting to sea imtil they had finished their game of bowls, saying: "There's plenty of time to win the game and thrash the S|)aniards too." The wreck of the great Armada quieted all fears of invasion in England, and by way of reprisal a fleet was sent umler Drake and Sir John Norreys 1o the coasts of Spain and Portugal, in the spring of 1589. A large amount of booty was taken and the enemy's stores and shijjping were so effect- ually destroyed as to prevent all possibility of a future attempt against England. A few years of