Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/472

* DOUAI. 406 For the Douai DOUBLEDAY. dictine seminary exists here KMv. ^^■l• illULE. DOUARNENEZ, dwiir'ncmV ( Bret., Land of tlio Isk', allu.liiij; to the island of Tristan op- posite). A seaport of Brittany. France, on a bay of the same name in the Department of FiiiistOre (Map: France, B 3). It has some ship-buiUIing and extensive sardine fisheries. Pop- uhitiuii, in 1901, 12,805. DOUAY. See DoUAl. DOUAY, F£ux Cil.'VRLES ( 1S16-79). A French general. He served in tlio wars in the Crimea, in Italy, and in Mexico, and for braery at Magenta and Solfcrino he was made a briga- dier-general. In ;he Franco-German War he lea the Seventh Army Corps, and he was taken prisoner at Sedan. As commander of the Fourth Army Corps, organized against the Communes, he w'as the first to enter Paris (May 22, 1871), and saved the Louvre from entire destruction. DOTJBAN, doo-ban'. (1) A physician in The Greek King and Douhan llie Fhiisician, one of the stories in The Arabian Siyhts. About to be executed by the ungrateful monarch, whom he had cured." he gives him a book with poisoned leaves, telling him to consult the sixth page. The King puts his finger to his lips to facilitate turning over the pages, the poison enters his svstem. and he dies. (2) A physician and slave who ministers to Wisel, at the commajid of the Emperor Alexis, in Scott's Count Robert of Fa ris. DOUBLE-BASS. The largest instrument of the violin family in common use. The double- bass is the foundation of the orchestra, for to it is given the lowest part of the harmony. It probably received its name because it often doubles in the lower octave the bass of the harmonv given to the bassoon, violoncello, or some other instrument. Not before the begin- ning of the nineteenth century were independent parts assigned to this instrument. Whether it was invented before the violin is unknown. Its origin is attributed to Caspar di Salo in 1.580, but he may have only added improvements to an instrument that already existed. The double- bass was first used in the orchestra about 1600. It was originally mounted with three strings, hut is now used with four strings tuned in Ei Ai, D, and G, and the notes sound an octave lower than written. Its compass is from Ei to a. The double-bass is an orchestral rather than solo instrument, but a few persons have excelled as virtuosi upon it, e.g. Dragonetti (1763-1846) and Bottesini (q.v.). The instru- ment is sometimes called a contrabass. DOUBLE COCOANUT. See Setchelixs COCOAMT. DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS. A morbid mental conditinii. a1~ci known as double person- ality, observed in cases of hysteria, hypnosis, and" trance, characterized by the existence of two or more independent, self-consistent groups of conscious processes which alternate periodically, or are called up in irregular sequence as favor- able circumstances arise. Usually these groups are strictly separated from one another, so that, while one group is in operation, the other is utterly shut out from consciousness: a fact which", from the purely psychological point of view, stamps the i)hcnomenon as an instance of general derangement of memory. When the two sets of ideas become complex, and the mutual obliviseence is complete, each group develops that -aura" of sensations and lifliiigs which constitutes selfhood : and the individual whose mind is thus partitioned may be rightly said to possess a •double' or 'secondary iiersonality.' When this division of mentation is radical, there is oftentimes exhibited a curious antithesis be- tween the types of the two personalities, a con- dition popularly set forth, in an exaggerated de- gree, in Stevenson's ]>r. Jclci/ll and Mr. Hyde. The ultimate basis of double consciousness must be sought in certain physiological condi- tions of the central nervous system. Partial light is thrown ujion the conditions which favor the mental schism by the frequent demarcation of the two -selves' by" specific antithetical moods. This feature makes "it probable that the organic sensations, the chief determinants of our gen- eral mood or temper, may constitute the nucleus around which are gathered the remaining ele- ments of the segregated 'personality.' This function of the somatic elements of conscious- ness is well illustrated in Flournoy's study of a remarkable case of divided consciousness, that of the medium 'Mile. Smith,' who 'incarnates' several distinct personalities, and whose 'guiding spirit' has his origin, in Flournoy's judgment, in the sexual ca-nicsthesis of the subject herself. Finally, double consciousness may be regarded as. In a" certain sense, merely an exaggeration of' what is termed 'motor autouuitism,' a con- dition which is often present, or at least easily developed, in the normal consciousness. Solo- mons and Stein have shown experimentally that there exists "a complete analog)' between the performances of the second personality and the automatic acts of normal persons." They were able, by practice, to cultivate automatisms of a complicated nature, such as spontaneous auto- matic writing and reading. If, e.g. A reads aloud to B. who simultaneously dictates to A, and the reading is sulliciently interesting. B will unconsciously dictate sentences which A unconsciously writes. It remains to be added that hypnosis furnishes excellent examples of the alternation of consciousnesses. Subjects who, when awakened, are totally ignorant of their hypnotic experiences, may, in a succeeding hypnosis, return without break to the conscious- ness of the former somnambulistic state. Con- sult: Floui-nov. From India to the Planet Mars (ew York, inOO) : Kuelpe. Outlines of F-iii- eholopn. trans, by Titchencr (Ix)ndon. 1805) ; Wuudt, Lectures' on Unman and Animal Ps;/- chologu. trans, by Creighton and Titchener (Lon- don. 1800) : Dessir. Das Dopiiclleh (Leipzig, 1880) : Janet, L'automatisme psychologiquc (Paris, 1891). DOUBLE COUNTEKPOINT. See CorxTER- rOTNT. DOUBXEDAY, AliXER ( 1819-93) . An Ameri- can soldier. He was born at Ballston Spa. X. Y.; graduated at West Point and was assigned as brevet second lieuti>nant of artillery in 1S4'2. He served in the First .Nrlillerv' during the Mexi- can War. and participated in the battles of Mon- terey and Bnena Vi^ta. He wn* stationed at Fort MouU rie at the breaking out nf the Civil War and took part in the defense of Fort Sumter. A month later he was promoted major, and served with