Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/471

* DOSTOYEVSKI. 405 D0X7AI. in 1843, but soon gave it up (1844) for literary pursuits, Tiiakiug his dObut with Poor People (1846), for which the poet Nekrasoti' haiU-il him as a seeoiid Gogol. A nuuiber of other sketches followed; but in 184n, for his connec- tion with tlie revolutionary pUit of IVtrashevsUi, he was condemned to death, but on the seallold this sentence was eoninuited to hard labor in Siberia. A veritable bundle of nerves, with the Bible as the only book in his hands during the years in prison, he gave way to religious mysti- cism. Pardoned in 1S5.> by Alexander 11.. he re- sumed his literary activity at Saint Petersburg in The Doicntrodden and Oppressed, his first long novel, in the new magazine, Vremya (The Time), published in conjunction with his brother. This was followed by Memoirs (rum a Dead Bouse (1861-62), wherein were related his own experi- ences in prison, lie no«' became an ardent Slavophile and mystic, with a tendency toward absolutism, and hisTn'me and I'uiiishment (1866) marked his break with the liberals and raaicals. In his periodical, in his Author's Diary, in Ins The Brothers Karamu:off (1870-80. unfinished), and other works, these new tendencies were car- ried still further. The liberals were almost recon- ciled with him after his famous speech at the banquet on the occasion of the unveiling of Pushkin's monument at iloscow in 1880, and he died (of lung trouble) mourned by all Russians alike. His works are seriously deficient from the purely technical point of view, the language is rarely polished, and he lacks a sense of propor- tion. His power of psychological analysis, how- ever, especially of pathological conditions, aided as he was in this by his complete self-identification with the lowly and degraded characters depicted, has nothing similar in all the range of universal literature. His marvelously retentive memory enabled him to draw upon his own experiences and the accuracy and the scientific value of his pictures are fully attested by great Russian crim- inologists, viho frequently refer to them for evi- dence and claim Dostoyevski as their colleague. The last edition of his works, in twelve volumes (Saint Petersburg, 1892), contains a biographi- cal sketch by K. K. Slushevski. English transla- tions of the following works have appeared: Crime and Punishment (New York. 1886) ; Poor Folk (London, 1894) ; Prison Life in Siberia (London, 1886); Idiot (London. 1887); Uncle's Dream and The Permanent Husband (London. 1888). Consult: Bmndes, Uostojeicsky (Berlin, 1889) ; HofTmann, T. M. Dostojewsky (Berlin, 1899) ; and Koni, "Dostoievsky criminaliste." in Revue Internationale de Sociolotfie (Paris, 1898). DOT. See Peertbixgle, Mrs. DO'TAKD (so called from alleged stupidity). A name formerly applied by sailors to various Arctic seals, especially in Newfoundland, and to DOTHEBOYS (dr^'thr-boiz) HALL. A York- shire school kept by one SqueeTs, in Dickens's yicholas Nickleby, where Nicholas was assistant for a time — a picture of r.buses in the country boarding-school system. The caricature was ef- ficacious in causing the abolition of many similar educational horrors of Dickens's time. DOT'TEKEL (OE. dot relic, little doll, from dotien, to be stupid, Dutch duttcn, Iccl. dotta to nod from sleep). A reddish plover {Endro- mias morinellus), which in sununer inhal)its the northern parts of Europe and Asia, breeding chielly in the highest latitudes, and migrates on the apjuoach of winter to the countries around the Mediterranean and those of similar climate. It appears in Great Britain as a bird of passage, but is now almost extinct, owing to the incessant shooting of it in spring, and the taking of its eggs. Despite its name, it is the equal in intelligence of other plovers. DOU, DOW, or DOTJW, Gerard (1613-75). A Dutcli genre p.iiiiter, lioru at Leyden in April, 1613. His father, who was a glazier, apprenticed him first to an engraver and later to Pi<'ler Kouwenhooven, a painter on glass, but Don's real master was Rembrandt, with whom he studied and to whom he was indel)ted for his skill in eliiaro-scuro. He first devoted himself to portrait painting, in which he achieved great success; good examples are his two portraits of himself and of Rembrandt's mother in the Dres- den Gallery. But genre subjects were better fitted to display his genius, and he excelled in simple domestic scenes, painted with infinite attention to detail. He would depict a broom- stick or a pan of vegetables with as much care- fulness as the figures that were introduced. It is said that he not only prepared his own brushes, and pounded his colors, but worked with his own liands at everything required in the construction of a picture. Don often painted the artificial light produced by candle or lan- tern and obtained charming effects of chiaro- scuro. His picture "The Evening School" (Ryks Ikluseum, Amsterdam) is the best ex- ample of the candle-light efl'ect. Among his chief works are the "Woman Sick of the Dropsy" (1663), "The Bible Reader," and the "Cirocer Woman." in the Louvre ; the "Girl at the Window." the "Schoolmaster," and the "Hermit," and others at Dresden; a "Por- trait of Don's Wife," and the "Poulterer's Shop." in the National Gallery. He painted upward of two hundred works. " He died in February. 1675. His style was tender and delightful, and his beautiful coloring enriched the simplest do- mestic scene. He is the most important of the Dutch genre painters — the so-called "Little Dutchmen' — and had a number of noted pupils, among whom were Franz van ilieris. (Jabriel Metsu, and Slingeland. Consult: Van Dyke, Old Dutch and Flemish Masters (New York, 1895) : Kugler, German, Flemish, and Dutch l^ehools (London, 1898). DOTJAI, or DOTJAY, doo'a. A town of France, in the Department of Nord, situated on the River Scarpe, about 20 miles south of Lille. Among the manufacturing establishments are salt and sugar refineries, breweries, and file factories, and there is an active trade in corn, seed, and linen. The town possesses a library of 85.000 volumes and a scientific and arclurological museu7n. Population. 31.397. Douai has existed since Roman time. It was held by the dukes of Burgundy after 1384, from whom it passed into the possession of the Hapsburgs. It was taken by Louis XIV. in 1667, lost in 1710, and retaken in 1712. Douai was the seat of a celebrated seminary for English Catholics, founded by Car- dinal .Mien in 1568. It was formerly also the seat of a Catholic university. An English Bene-
 * i young liarbor seal {I'hoea ritulina).