Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/468

* DOBT. 404 DOSTOYEVSKl. Lakes for tlio wall-oyod pike. (See Pike-Pebch.) (2) See John Doby. DORYPHOKUS, di-rlf'A-ras. See Athlete, TUE. DOSITH'EANS. Tlie followers of Dosith- eiis. a Samaritan, coiiteinporary with .Jesus and tlie Apostles. Aceordinfi to t)rijjen, lie elnimed to be the prophet mentioned in Dent, xviii. 18, and insisted on a curiously strict observance of the Sabbath. It is said that he starved to death in a cave. Other less trustworthy accounts con- nect Dositheus with John the Baptist or with Simon .laj;us. There were Dositheans in Egj"pt as late as the sixth century.. DOSITH'EXJS ( Lat., from C,k. AwfiriyevfiaTa [Voiiniuiilarics) was long er- roneously attributed to him, because in some manuscripts it appeared in connection with his Latin grammar. Consult Krumbacher. Dc Codi- cibtis Qiiibus Interpretamcnta Pscudo-dositheana yohis Triiilihi .^iiiit (Munich, 188.3). DOSSO DOSSI, d6s's6 dfts's*, Giovan.m di XlccoLo LiTKBO (c. 1475- 1542). A celebrated Italian portrait and historical painter of the Ferrarese School, born in Ferrara. He and his ■brother Battista ( ?-1546) were probably both pupils of Lorenzo Costa — Giovanni, at any rate, "was. The brothers painted together. Giovanni doing the figures and Battista — the inferior of the two — the backgrounds and accessories. Dosso is presumed to have visited Kome in his youth, and it is certain that both of them lived for some time in Venice, for they show the influence of the Venetian colorists. About 1512 Dosso was working for the Gonzagas at Modcna. and still later he went to Trent with Battista: but, aside from these facts, little is known of the life of either. The jjoet Ariosto mentions them in Orlando Furioso with the highest praise. Dosso's works have often been disputed. It now seems certain that many of those hitherto attributed to Garofalo, Giorgione, and others are his. He does not seem to have left any drawings. As a colorist he ranks first among the Ferrarese painters, and his portraits may often be compared with Titian's. His subject pictures are also of great interest, for Dosso, along with a rich and glowing color, had a whimsical originality. The artificially pastoral spirit, of which the Italy of his day was full, appealed strongly to him, and the fantastic chiv- alry of the jwetry of his friend Ariosto touched his imagination. One of his best pictures is "Circe in the Woods," in the Borghese Gallery, a work full of romance and mystery. Other not- able pictures by him are: "Madonna with Saint Michael r.nd Saint George," in the Mndcna (ial- lery; "Virgin Crowned by Angels" and ".Saint .John on Patmos," in the Ferrara Gallery : "Saint Sebastian," in the Brera at Milan; decorative paintings in the Ferrara Palace, consisting of "The Four Divisions of the Day" and three "Bacchanals" ; and a numlwr of works in the Dresden Gallery, which has more of the Dossi pictures than any other Kuropean museum out- side of Italy. The landscapes in these pictires are often of great beauty, and are generally from the brush of Battista. Consult Morclli, Critical Studies of Ituliaii I'aiiitcrs, translated by Ffoulkes (vol. ii., London. 1893). DOST MOHAMMED KHAN, dfist m6-h;ini'- mid Kiiii ( i7'.t:MSi;:)). Aimer of Afghanistan from lS2ti to ISG.'J, and founder of the present reigning djiiasty. He was a son of Poyndah Khan, an able man, prominent in the civil and ■ military life of Afghanistan. To avenge the as- sassination of his eldest brother. Futteh Khan, at the behest of the Ameer -Mahmud. Dost -Mo- hammed and two of his brothers headed a rebel- lion, confined Mahmud to the Province of Herat, and divided the remainder of the countri'. Dis- cord arose betwin-n the brothers, and Dost Mo- hammed, in 1S2C, made himself master of the country. Meanwhile Hunjeet Singh, the Sikh Uajali, had occupied Peshawar, ami Shah Sujah. who had been driven from the throne in 1809, had sought Knglish aid to restore him to power. Dost Mohammed attemjited to win the friendship of the Anglo-Indian Government : but that body rejected his advances and entered ujKin a costly course of blundering in regard to Afghan affairs. Cajitain Burnes was s>nt to Kabul in 1837, where the .meer acknowledged frankly that, despairing of English support, he was looking toward Rus- sia and Persia. At the same time he declared his wish to be on friendly terms with England. Meanwhile Lord Auckland. (JovernorGeneral of India, had adopted a policy of interference, and now undertook to restore Shah Sujah. In 1839 an .Vnglolndian army invaded Afghanistan and occupied Kabul, Shah Sujah being nominally placed on the throne, and in 1840 Dost Moham- med delivered himself up to the British. There- upon the Afghan tribes rose under Akbar, the son of the captive Ameer. In .January, 1842, the British army left Kabul to return to India, and was trapped in the Afghan defiles and annihi- lated. The advance of an army under (General Pollock by way of the Khyber Pass enabled the British to recover from their defeat and over- throw Akbar; but Shah Sujah had been assassi- nated soon after the English left him at Kabul. In 1842 Dost Mohammed was allowed to return to his country and resume his unintcrrupteil reign. He assisted the Sikhs during their wjir with the British, but after the occupation of the Punjab he concluded a treaty with the Anglo- Indian Government in 1855. In 18(i3 Dost Mo- hammed added to his dominions the Province of Herat, which had remained independent since the expulsion of Jlohammed from Kabul. He died May 29, 18(i3. having directed that his son Shcre Ali (q.v.) should succeed him. Dost Mohammed had a certain riig;;ed barbaric honesty not al- ways found in Oriental princes. In spite of his hard experience with the Anglo-Indian (!!overn- ment, he always leaned to the Knglish side in the frontier politics which involved Russia, Persia. Great Britain, and Afghanistan. He showed statesmanlike qualities in external and internal affairs, and brought a measure of order into the .fghan chaos. Consult Mohan Lai, Life of the •linir Dost Momnmmcd, Khan of Kabul (London, 184li(. See .k(II AMSTAN. DOSTOYIIVSKI, dos'tA-yPf'sk*, Fy6D0R Ml- Kil.ivi.oviTcil (1821-81). . Russian novelist, the son of a Moscow physician. . gradtmte of the Saint Petersburg School of Engineering, he ob- tained a position in the Department of Engineers