Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/442

* COMINIS. 380 DOMINOES. he endeavored to show lliut the Pope had no supremacy over other bisliops, but was merely- primus inter pares. For a lime he iwscd as a violent opponent of Catholicism. But in 1G20 he began to negotiate a return to his old failh. He arrived at Kome in 1022, and was well re- ceived at first, but a charge of heresy was brought against him iu 1023. He was impris- oned in the Castle of Saint Angelo, and died there September 28, 1624. lieing subsequently condemned as a heretic, his body was raised from its grave and burned, with his portrait and books, December 21, 1624. In his Vc Iladiis 1 isH/s et Luris in 'itris I'erspccticis ct Iride (1611), written while he was at Padua, Domi- nis was the first to appro.ximifte to the true scientific explanation of the rainbow. His Rea- sons for Leaving the Vliurch of Itome are trans- lated in Somers's Traets: his M utiles for lie- nouncint) the Protestant Religion (1623) was published in English translation, 1627. Consult A. Relation ^ent from Rome of the Process, Sen- tence, and Ijxcculion Done Upon the Body, Pic- ture, and Hooks of ilareo .intonio Vominis After Ois Death i 1624). DOMIN'IUM (Lat.,' lordship). At Roman law, dominium meant ownership, or private right over a thing, whether immovable or mova- ble. More precisely, dominium was the general right, as opposed to any special right, such as servitude or lien. It included tlu' power of use and abuse, of alienation and of testamentary disposition; but limitations might be imposed upon the owner in his own interest (e.g. in case of non-age or insanity) or in the interest of neighbors or of the public generally. As re- gards slaves, restrictions were imposed upon the owner in the interests of humanity. In the nar- rowest and most technical sense, ilnminium was ownership vested by the old civil law {ex jure Quiritiuni ), as opposed to the substantially equiv- alent right created by praetorian law. (See Civil Law.) It was said that the praetor could not grant ownership, but only possession of the property (6onorum possessio), and that the ownership remained with the civil-law owner, although his title was a naked one {dominium nudum). Dominium, at Roman law, was never confused with imprrium. or sovereignty: and when it was said that the lands of conquered subjects of Rome were in the dominium of the Roman people, this meant that, in legal theory, the land was owned by the Roman people, and 'that the provincials were merely possessors, holding at the pleasure of the Roman peo- ple. Dominium could be held by two or more persons jointly, but in such case the joint owners (coii(/omiiii) were always copro- prietors with similar rights. Ownership eould not be so divided that difTerent powers should be attributed to difTerent persons and each be regardeil as doniinus. During the Middle Ages, however, the right of the feudal superior to a fief was descril)ed as direct ownership (dominium directum) and the right of the vassal in pos- session was termed beneficial ownership (domi- nium utile). In connection with the base tentires. also, the same terms were respectively applied t-i the right of the landlord and the right of the tenant. To the supreme feudal lord was attributed cminenl domain (dominium cminrns). These uses of the word dominium were due to the feudal confusion of political with proprietary powers, and with the dissolution of the feudal system this ambiguity disappeared; but the term eminent donniiu has been retained to de- scribe the exercise of governmental authority over properly, particularly in the case of expro- priation. By writers on international law dominium has been used in the sense of sove- reignty, and the whole doctrine of acquisition and loss of sovereignty over territory was worked out, by Cirotius and his succes.sors, under the head of dominium. In this process many rules were derived, by analog^', from the rules of the Rcmian law regarding acquisition and loss of own- ership. See Kminent Domain; Feudai-ism: Propehtv. Consult the authorities referred to un- der rRnpKRTV: International Law: Civil Law. DOMINO. See Mask. DOMINOES (so called, apparently, from the cohir iif t!ic Inick of the pieces, which is black, like a domino). A game partly of chance and partly of skill played by any number of people from two to a dozen, but most often by two, with twenty-eight oblong pieces of ivory, bone, or wood, plain black on the back and while on the front marked with black dots in two divi- sions on the front, one set of dots on one side of a line dividing the centre, :ind the other • • • • • • on the opposite side of the line. One of these dominoes is blank on both divisions, the re- mainder are numbered from double six: i.e. si.x in each division, down through the scale, 6-5, C-4. e-3, 6-2, 6-1. and so on, o-.5, 5-4, 5-3, 5-2, 5-1. through all the other numbers. Before beginning to play, the twenty-eight pieces are turned face downward, and shuflled or nii.xed up on the table, so that the position of no special piece can be recognized. Then, according to the particular game about to l>e played, the whole, or a certain proportion of the dominoes, is selected, one at a time, by the respective players. Each player .sets his dominoes tip on edge so that they can- not be seen by the opponent, and examines their markings. Whatever dominoes are not drawn form tile stock or reser^■e. The first player places one piece face upward on the table, and his opponent must place against it 'a match.' i.e. a [liece out of his hand corres|)oniling in pip' at one end or the other with the piece laid down — for instance, if a piece is laid down with six on one division and two on the other, the second player must pose or lay against it any piece in his hand which has either of these nutnl)er9 on it (such as a two and five, or a six and three) — then the first player (in a two game) must in his turn match, or pose, from his hand, a domino to meet the new combination of pips — there being always two ends for him to select to match. If he has no number rorrespondinp to either end he 'passes' and the opponent plays again: or. if he is playing the 'draw' game (a game in which less than the whole number of