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* DOMINICANS. 379 DOMINIS. than sixty cardinals. Outside of their specific work, they did imich for the development of art. Their cloister at Santa Maria Novella, in Flor- ence, was a veritable school of architecture. Painting was also cultivated with great success at San .Marco in the same city, and at Santa Caterina in Pisa; and the names of tiiovanni da Piesole, better known as Pra Angeli<o. licne- detto da ilugello, and ]5a rtolomraeo della Porta are worthy of remembrance. (Consult Marchese, ilcmorie rfci pit) iiisifiiii piltori, sciiltori e arcliitctli domcnicani. Bologna, 187S.) Their chief glory in theological learning is Saint Thomas Aquinas (q.v. ). whose teaching has been especially commended by Leo XIII. as the stand- ard of dogmatic theology; other distinguished teachers were .Mbertus ilagnus and Raymond of PeQaforte. the third general of the Order. Their great rivals in the later ^liddle Ages were the Franciscans. These two Orders divided the para- mount influence in the Church, and often in the Catholic States, not without frequent hostility on the part of the parochial clergy, who fell their rights invaded by the friars: but the rise of the .Jesuits lessened their power both in the schools and in the court. In the eighteenth cen- tury they possessed not less than a thousand houses in all parts of the world. The troubles of the latter part of that century, however, de- creased their number considerably. In France the Order was revived largely through the efforts of the famous Lacordaire (q.v.).t!ie centenary of whose birth was solemnly celebrated in 1002 as that of 'the restorer of the Dominican Order in France.' In England and Ireland they have now 21 houses for men and 13 for women: in the United States, into which they were introduced in 180.5, though they had played the leading part in the evangelization of Spanish America, they have only a few fri.ars, but a much larger num- ber of sisters. At the head of the whole Order stands the general (mnnister generalis). whose term of office since 1862 has been twelve years: since 1273 he has had his residence at Santa Mari.a Sopra Minen'a in P>ome. There are fifty- two provinces (each with a provincial at its head), though some of these are now hardly more than nominal. The female branch of the Order may claim, in a sense, greater antiquity than the male, since Dominic founded his house at Prouille in 120G; but after the friars were established, the mem- bers of his community modestly called themselves the second Order. Another house was founded at r>ome in 121S, Dominic being commissioned to unite a number of small or private associations in the authorized system of his rule. The cloister of San Sisto. given him by the Pope for this liurpo.se. is thus really the first in which the Dominican habit was worn by women. The Order was originally intended to be contempla- tive, hut in later years, together with some re- laxations of the rule, its scope was extended so far as to include the education of girls and other practical works. The nuns are not nuiiicrnus. since the revolutionary movements of (he latter part of the eighteenth century destroyed the greater part of their houses; but a certain num- ber of new convents has sprung up in the nine- teenth century, especially in Bavaria. The third Order was organized by Saint Dominic in 1220. to provide a constant supply of defenders of the Church against the assaults of the Albigenses Vol. VI.— 25. and other turbulent innovators. He gave it the name "militia of Jesus Christ,' and pledged its members to defend tlie Church with their arms and their possessions. Harried men could not be received into the brotherhooil without the con- sent of their wives, who were bidden to pray for the success of the men. The enthusiasm of the Middle -Ages soon brought large numl)ers, to whom the founder gave a few simple rules for holy living. After the necessity of this militant life passed away, the members were unwilling to dissolve their association, and continued it as against spiritual foes, naming themselves 'brothers and sisters of penance.' Their num- bers increasing rajiidly, the seventh general of the Order, jMunio de Zamora, reduced the rules given by the foinidcr to a systematic form, in wiiich the' were confirmed l)y Pope Innocent VII. in 140.T and Eugenius IV. in 143!). Some members have maintained a cloistered life, but the majority have been men and women liv- ing a devout life in the world. The third Order has produced numerous saints, including Saint Catharine of Siena, and the first American saint. Rose of Lima. On the historj' of the Dominicans in general, consult: Caro, Saint Dominique et les Dominicains (Paris, 18.53); Danzas, Etude sur les temps primitifs de Vordre de Saint Dominique (Paris, 1874, et seq.) ; Drane, The Life of Saint Dominic, with a Sketch of the Dominican Order (3d ed., London, 1891) ; Proctor (editor). Short Lives of the Dominican Saints (New York, 1901); Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum Prcedicatorum Uistoria (Stuttgart, 1900, et seq.). For further details of both Dominican and Franciscan third Orders, see Tertiary. DOMINIE (do'mi-ne) SAMPSON. A faith- ful schoolmaster in Scott's Guy .Uannering, the tutor of Bertram's children. He is awkward, but honest, and devoted to books, and is famous for his constant ejaculation, 'Prodigious!' DOMINION, The Old. Virginia. See States, Popular Names of. DOMINION OF CANADA. See Canada, DOMI^IO.N" OF. DOMINIQUE. A breed of domestic fowls very .similar in plumage to the barred Plymouth rocks. Both cocks and hens have rose combs and bright yellow legs. They have excellent qualities, and weigh from 6',4 to 8[> pounds. DOMINIS, do'me-nes, JIarco Antonio de ( 150ti-l24) . An Italian ecclesiastic. He was bom on the Island of Arbe, on the coa.st of Dalmatia, and was educated by the .Jesuits at Loretto and Padua, winning distinction by his ability and the varied character of his studies. He taught mathematics at Padua and logic and rhetoric at Brescia. He finally re- fused to become a Jesuit, and for several years was a popular preacher. In 1.50 he was ap- pointed Bishop of Segni. in the State of Venice, and in 1.598 Archbishop of Spalatro and Primate of Dalmatia and Croatia. He quarreled with the Pope, and, having exhibited certain Protestant leanings, found it expedient to resign his ])Ost. In Ifllfi he went to England, and. being regarded as a convert from Catholicism, was well received. James I. appointed him dean of Windsor and master of the Savoy in 1C17. The same year he published the first part of his great theological work, the De Repuhlica Ecclcsiastica, in which