Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/433

* DOMESDAY BOOK. 371 DOMESTIC ANIMALS. of money are siKiken of, and intOTestins faets are piven about their use. Finally, we f;et occa- sional hints as to the lejjal procedure of the time, both civil and criminal. The mere statement which has been made of its contents is enouirli to show the immense value of the Domesday Book for all purposes of inquiry into the condition of Enu'lan<l under the early Xonnau kings. "It will ever," says Dr. Lajipcnberi; {IJisloni of KiKjlaiid I'lider the Anglo-Saxon Kinps. London, 1843), "be found an inexhaustible source of information rcs|K'ctin£r the AnLjlo-Saxon and Xorman con- stitutions, particularly in regard to the right' and revenues of the kings and their vassals, the relations of cities and towns, statistical ac- counts of vari<nis kinds, families and landown- ers, together with innumerable matters highly interesting to incpiiring posterity, though un- noticed by the chroniclers of those times, either as too well knowii or as worthless. An inti- mate acquaintance with Domesdati should supply the basis of every historical account of England, particularly of its special history during the Middle Ages." The Domesday Book first appeared in print in 17S3, in two folios. Types were cast for the purpose, so as to represent the abbreviations and contractions of the original manuscript. The work was ten years in passing through the press. In 1816 two supplementary volumes were pub- lished. One contained an excellent general intro- duction by Sir Henry Ellis of the British ilu- seuni. with indexes of the names of places and of tenantsin-chicf mentioned in the work. The other volume contained four other records of the same nature: ( 1 ) The Exeter Domesdtiij, already mentiimed ; (2) the Inqiiisitio ICJiensis, a record closely resembling the Exeter Domesday, contain- ing the survey of the lands of the monastery of Ely. in the counties of Cambridge, Hartford, Essex. Xorfolk, Suffolk, and Huntingdon: (.3) the 'Winton Donipxda;/. containing two suryeys of the city of Winchester, one made between 1107 and 11-28. and the other in 1148: and (4) the Roldoii liool;, a survey of the possessions of the see of Durham, made in 1183. This work is es])e- cially valuable in that it partially makes up a deficiency in the siiivey for Domesday Book, which did not extend to the counties of Durham, Xorthumberland, 'estmoreland. and Cumber- land, either, it would seem, because they had lately been laid waste by the Conqueror, or be- cause his authority was not fully established in them. A new and better edition of the Boldon ISook was issued in 18.52 by the .Surtees Society, which in 1857 printed Bisltop Uatfirhl'x Snri-ey, another record of the possessions of the see of Durham, compiled between 1345 and 1381. In ISfll a facsimile copy of that part of Domesday Book which related to Cornwall was published by the Ordnance Survey as an example of what could be done by the process of engraving called jihoto- zincography. This experiment proving success- ful, the Government continued publishing the rest of the Donicsdaj' Book, county by county, in the same way. In 1872 the Oovemment ordered a general re- turn of owners of land to he prepared by the Local Government Board. This new Domesday Book was published in 1874-7(5. BlBi.TOGRAPiiy. The literature of the suhiect is extensive. The more valuable authorities are: Maitland, Domesday and Beyond (London, 1897); Freeman, History of the Xorman Con- ijucst, vol. V. (Oxford, 1870) ; Eyton, "Xotcs on Domesday," in Transactions of the Shropshire Archwoloyical tiociety (Shrewsbury, 1877); Birch, "The Domesday Book," in the J ournal of the British Archaoloyical Association, vol. xii. (London, 1835) : Leciiaude D'Anisy, Ilcchcrches siir Ir Domesday (Caen, 1842) : Bound, Feudal England (London, 18!)5) : Birch, Domenday Book, a Popular Account (London, 1887). The last contains a good working bibliography of the sub- ject. DOMESTIC (Lat. doitirsticus. from domtis, house) ANIMALS. Those six-cies of animals which liave been brought imder control by man .■^ICVIFICVXCE .ND EfFECT.S OF DOMESTICATION. Domestication implies taming and accustoming to the presence of man, to a greater or less ex- tent, and a change from the wild habit : but the mere taming of an individual does not constitute domestication. Cultivation through a series of generations is necessaiy to fix domestic traits; and this is usually accompanied by a system of selection and breeding to develop and render per- manent the qualities which arc especially desir- able. Domestication also implies a certain amount of care of the species, protection from severe weather, from wild animals, and from one another, and the providing of food or of the con- ditions under which it may be obtained. Do- mestic animals are also trained to some extent, and are confined or kept within bounds, and. in general, their activities and lives are under con- trol, as distinguished from the freedom and the self-dependence of the wild state. The changes in food, environment, habits, func- tion, and breeding bring .about many modifica- tions in the outward form, external appearance, temper, and general character of animals, which soon distinguish them from their progenitors. The hair or wool becomes of a softer texture, the color of the coat or feathers changes, and the general conformation of the animal is greatly altered. The changed habits of life, as well as the food and the daily work or exercise, tend to the development of some parts of the body more than others, the emphasis of some characteristics and the suppression or elimination of others. Thus the skull of hogs which have not been re- quired to root for their food has become shorter and the snout much blunted, and the intestines of the improved breeds of hogs are nnich longer in proportion to the size of the animal than those of the wild or earlier domesticated forms. This undoubtedly means that the modem pig, which is highly fed to hasten its growth, can eat a larger quantity of food in a given time, and it may in- dicate that he can digest it more thoroughly than his ancestors. It may be said, in general, that under domesti- cation, animals mature earlier, become more fer- tile, often more prolific, and present a greater tendency to variation than in the wild state. There are exeepti(ms in which these changes are not all apparent, and it should be noted th.it species differ greatly in the extent to which they respond to and are altered by domestication. Sometimes the changes induced in ai)pea ranee and characteristics have been comparatively slight, as in the case of the camel, the elephant, and the ostrich ; while in other cases they have amounted
 * ind adapted to his uses or pleasure.