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* DOCTOR. 345 DOCTORS OF THE CHURCH. insiitTorably tedious and jiedaiitic only by the genial nature of it)5 principal uliaracter. Dr. Dove, to whom the sraliludo of unnunil)ered young people is due for the story of The Thrtc Hears. DOCTOR AND STUDENT. The title of a c ililiratril litlU- liiHik on the coinniOM law, which made its apjiearance in the reign of Henry VIII., prohaoly about 1530. It is attributed to one t'hristopher Saint Germain, a barrister of the Inner Temple, about whom nothing definite is known. The work was originally composed in Latin, and is cast in the form of a dialogue be- tween a doctor of divinity and a very learned 'student' of the common law, the latter instnict- ing the former in a somewhat didactic manner in the mysteries of his system. It contains some suggestive discussion of legal principles, common- law doctrine being sometimes effectively con- trasted with the corresponding doctrine of the civil law. usually to the disadvantage of the latter. The book contrasts the doctrine of con- sideration in contracts, which was then begin- ning to take form in the English legal system, with the Roman law doctrine of causa, and throws a good deal of light upon the former. The work is a mere fragment, however, and though it hits enjoyed a considerable reputa- tion it never rose to the rank of a legal author- ity. It appears to have taken on its present ' English form in the lifetime of the author, being, perhaps, translated by his own hand. It has passed through many editions, the best being the eighteenth, by JIuehall, published in Dublin in 1792, and republished in Cincinnati in 1874. DOCTOR-FISH. See Scbgeox-Fish. DOCTOR JEKYXL. See Strange Case of Dr. -Ikkyll AM) Mk. Hydk. DOCTORS' COMMONS. . name applied both to the association of doctors of the civil and canon law in London, practicing by exclu- !-ive privilege in the ecclesiastical courts, and to a building erected by them about 1.567 near Saint Paul's for the accommodation of those courts and the Court of Admiralty. The doctoi's were divided into two classes — advocates and proctors — corresponding to attorneys and solicitors, and were headed by a president, the dean of arches for the time l)eing. Admission to practice was granted to a D.C.L. of Cambridge or of 0.ford by the decree of the Archbishop, after an elabo- rate ceremony. The college was dissolved in 18.57 and the property sold, the proctors being given privileges of solicitors and receiving com- pen.sation, and solicitors being allowed to act as proctors. The principal ecclesiastical court com- prised in the Doctors* Commons was the Court of .rches, the appellate court of the Arch- bishop of Canterbury, presided over by the dean of arches, with original jurisdiction in all ecclesiastical cases in the Province of Canter- bury, and also in cases raised by letters of request. I See Letters.) Divorces were formerly tried here, bvit are now tried by the Divorce Court. The other courts have in the main suffered the same fate. Thej- comprised the .Archdeacon's Court, for ecclesiastical cases in the archdeacon- ry: the Prerogative Court, with certain probate jurisdiction (now transferred to the Probate Court) : the Faculty Court, for the granting of dispensations: and the Court of Delegates, in cases of ecclesiastical appeals (now transferred to the judicial conunittee of the Privy Council). The buildings as well as the organizatitm of the Dtwtors' Conunons have disai)peared. the courts have been amalgamated with others, the officials have lost their special privileges, but the old names renuiin, and will probably die out but slowly. For the statutes concerning the changes in the old arrangement, consult: 20 and 21 Vict., c. 77; 21 and 22 Vict., cc. !l.5, 108: 2.'? and 24 Vict., c. 27 : .3.3 and .34 Vict., c. 28, s. .30 : 40 and 41 Vict., c. 2;), s. 17. Consult also Stow, tiiirvey of London (London, 1598). See Arches, Court OF; Attorney; Barrister; Solicitor. DOCTORS OF THE CHURCH. A title long current fur the most cnjincnt of the early Christian teachers, and applied especially to the four Greek fathers — Athanasius, Basil, Gregory Xazianzen, and Chrysostom — and the four Latin fathers — lerome, Augustine, Ambrose, and Greg- ory the (ireat. In more recent times the title has been formally conferred by the Pope on saints eminent for theological learning, some as modern as Saint Alphonsus Liguori (died 1787). In the iliddle Ages the name of doctor was freely ap- plied to the leading theologians, w;ith some ad- ditional expression characterizing the peculiar gift of the writer designated. The following alphabetical list of such affixes is taken from Wetzer and Welte. Kirchenlexikon, 2d ed. by Kaulen (Freiburg, 1882-1900). The date is that of death, and the contractions are as follows : O.Cann. = Carmelite. O. earth. = Carthusian. O.Cist. = Cistercian. O.M. ^Minorite or Franciscan. O.P. = Dominican. O.Prasm.= Pripmonstra- tensian. O.S... = Aiiifiistinian. O.S.B. = Benedictine. O.Trin. = Trinitarian. S.J. «= .Jesuit. Doctor abstraetionum, acutus et illuminatissi- mus — Francis of Jtayroni, 1325. — acutissimus — Francis della Rovere (Pope Six- tus IV;), 14.84. — acutus — (xabriel Vasquez, S.J., 1604. — admirabilis (niirabilis) — Roger Bacon. O.M., 1294. — amcvnus — Robert of Cownton, O.JI., about 1340. — angelicus, communis, or chcrubicus — Saint Thomas Aquinas, O.P., 1274. — authenticus — Gregory of Rimini, O.S.Aug., 1358. — authoratus, copiosus. fundatissinuis et solidus —Richard of Middleton. 0..M.. about 1300. — beatus et fundatissimus — Giles Colonna, O.S.A., 1316. —Jionus— Walter Brinkelius. O.M., about 1310. — Christianissimus — lohn Charlier of Gerson, 1429. — Christianus — Nicholas of Cusa, 1464. — clarus — Louis de Jlontesinos. 1621. — clarus et subtilis — Dionj'sius junior, O.Cist., fourteenth century. — coUeetivus — Landolfo Caracciolo, O.IL, 1351. — columna doctorum — William of Champeaux, O.S.B.. 1 121. — contradictionum — .John Wessel, 1480. — eonspicuus et planus — Walter Burlev, after 1337. — divinus. ccstaticus — Tohn of Ruysbrocek, 1381. — doctorum —. sclm of Laon, 1117. — dulcifluus — Antony Andrea, O.M., about 1320. — ecstatieu.s — Dionysiua of Rickel, O.Carth., 1471.