Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/398

* DOCKYARDS. 344 DOCTOR. moJilii'iI. The ilcx'kyjtnls are eontroUed by the Adiiiiraltv. the Comptroller of the Navv having general sui>ervi-iion. Kaeh yard is under a super- intendent who is an nlHeer ol the navy. The doikyards contain all the necessary appli- anees for the huilding and equipment of ships. Vnli! reivntly they eonstrueted nearly all vessels of the liritish Xay, Init the use of steam and ^teel armor-plate has greatly increased the nuni- lier of ship-l)iilding contracts with private firms. In the naval estimates of 1!>00, ex|)enditnres of £ti.!)5t>.t)00 were made for the royal dockyards, of which siun £2.")12.OO0 were for wages. The same year ili..'i2!t.lM)0 were exix-nded with private tirms. Among the royal dockyards, that of Pembroke is best ada|)ted for building purposes; Ports- mouth is most important of all, and Chatham is but little inferior. Others exist at Shecrness, Devonport. and Keyham. while Plymouth. Gos- port, and Deptford are now used for victualing purposes only. There are also the following docks in Ireland and the colonies: Haulbowline (Cove of Cork). Malta, Esquimalt (Vancouver Island, B. C), Colombo (Ceylon), Bermuda. Gib- raltar. Ilalifa.x. Bombay. Simon's Bay (near Cape Town I. Kingston (.Faniaica), Hong Kong. Trin- coniali. and lielagoa Bay. For early history, consult -M. Op|>enheim. The Administititioit of Ihc lioi/al ai;i. JoOH-iGOO (London. ISyC), an excellent work ; also W. L. Clowes. The Royal Xavn, a Hisloru (Boston and h<mdon, 18'J7- inOO). There is a good report on the national dockyards in Euro))e in Uouse Miscellaneous Documents, 1st ser., 40th Congress (1885-86), xiii., Xo. 237. DOCTOR (l.at.. from doccre, to teach). A title formerly used, in accordance with its deri- vation, to signify a teacher in general : in more recent times it is a title of honor conferred by universities. The word had long been used as a general term for teacher, before it came to desig- nate degree or rank in the learned hierarchy, to which only the united body could advance the candidate. In this sense it seems to have been first used at Bologna about the middle of the twelfth century — not earlier, as it is never found applied to the learned Irnerius. the regenerator of the Roman law at that period, who called himself jiiihx. and was called by others maijister, doniiiius. or cnusidirux. The first to bear it were the so-called "four doctors' — liulgarus, Martimis, •laeobus, and Hugo. When it began to ite formal- ly bestowed, it conferred the unrestricted right to tcaeli, and a voice in the granting of degrees to others. Originally confined to teachers of civil law, by the end of the century it was also applied to canonists: a decretal of Innocent III. proes the existence of doclorm ilirirtorum as well as of doclorcn Icf/um. This distinction be- tween the two branches of the law has left a trace even to the present day in the degree granted by some (ierman universities of .J.l'.O.. juris ulri- u.«/i/r dorlor, 'doctor of both laws,' and in the mon- familiar LL.D., where the double L stands for the plural Irf/um. In the thirteenth century doctors of medicine, grammar, logic, and phi- losophy are found; the jurists, however, seem to have attempted to limit the use of the title to themselves, leaving that of mat/islcr to the theo- logians and others. The I'niversity of Paris al- most immediately followed in the footsteps of Bologna, the first bestowment of doctors having taken place in the year 114.5, in favor of Peter Lombard and Gilbert tic la Porrce, the greatest theologians of the day. The emperors were ac- customed to grant the universities the right of ap- pointing doctors of law by their authority and in their name; in the same way the popes con- ferred the right in regard to canon law. Through- out the -Middle .ges. however, there was a ten- dency to confuse the titles of master, doctor, and professor. In the Inivcrsily of Paris, ami others which closely imitated it. the term 'master' was commonly used in the faculties of medicine, the- ology, and arts; but the title of professor is fre- quently, and that of doctor occasionally, employed, At first the same confusion existed at Oxford, but during the fifteenth century the custom gradu- ally prevailed in the English universities of lim- iting the use of the title doctor to the faculties of law. thcologA-, and medicine. In (Icrmany the title was known as early as the thirteenth cen- tury, and for a long time very highly regarded: doctors were rccogni/cd. even by the imperial law, as entitled to the privileges of nobility. But when the degree l)egan to be carelessly conferred they sank in the public estimation, until it was l>ossible for a pnxdamation in llesse-Cassel. 1702, to put them in the tenth class, with valets and the like. In France, also, while up to the Revo- lution the highest consideration attached to the title of Doctor of the Sorbonne (q.v.). that fa- mous theological faculty which was called "the perpetual council of the Gallican Church." such was by no means the case with the degree's of the other schools of learning. Fureti&re, in his dic- tionary, defines a scholar as a man who learns, and a doctor as a man who forgets. In Kngland the doctor's degrw was not introduced into the universities till the reign of .lohn or Henry III. For a time it was a very rare and highly prized honor, and the ceremony of c). In modern times the title of doctor has been applied almost everywhere to the three faculties of thcologv-. law, and medicine. In America and Germany it ex- tends to that of philosophy, and in the latter coimtry the degree of "dot-tor of philosophy afid master of arts" is conferred, as if the two were equivalent. Oxford and Cambridge, and in mod- ern times some of the German and American uni- versities, also create doctors of music. The doc- tor's degree is, in general, conferred at the in- stance of the dean of the faculty to which it ap- ]M'rtains. It is granted on examination, or after at least the ancient form of publicly defending a learned thesis in Latin has been observed: orj'lse it is an honorary degree, lonferred in consiiU^ra- tion of the general reputation of the recipient for eminence in some particular branch of learning, or occasionally on account of some other distinc- tion. The nnisieal degree in the Knglish universi- ties is given only after approval of a cantata composed by the candidate and performed at his expense. Consult: r>ashdall. rninrnilirs of Hii- rnpc in the Middle Agc.i (Oxford, 180.5) : Denifle, Die Vnlrrrxitiitrn dm Millrlnllcrs bis 1)00 (Ber- lin. 1SS.5) : and the authorities referred to undiT CxivKKsirv. For professional uses of the de- gri-t- of D.C.L., sec Doctors' Coiimons. DOCTOR, The. A romance by Robert Southey. first issued anonymously (18.14). It is a long exposition of learning, saved from being