Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/245

* DIANE DE FRANCE. 205 DIAPHKAGM. made Iut l(morod by all. She is one of the most agreeable t"ii_'iires in that period of French history. DIANE DE POITIERS, de'an' dc pwa'tya' ( 1499-1 jliU) . Duclie^i.s of 'alentinois and mis- tress of Henry II. of France. Wlicn but tliirteen years of age she was married to the Count of Maulevrier, Grand Seneschal of Xorniandy, by whom she had two daughters. She wa.s a widow at thirty-two, and some seven years later became the mistresf of Henry (then dauphin), who was but eighteen years old. At that time the Duchess d'Etamiu's was the favorite of Francis 1., and the two women ruled (he Court; but when Henry became King, Diane was the real ruler, and at onee sent her rival into exile. Xotwithstanding the beauty and the rights of his wife, Catharine de' Jledici, Henry was controlled by Diane during his whole reign. Between Catharine and Diane, however, friendship and a mutual understanding prevailed. After the death of Henrj' she disap- peared from public sight. DIANO MARINA, d.'-a'n6 ma-re'na. . win- ter resort, with sea-liathing, in the Province of Porto ilaurizio. northwest Ualy, 20 miles east of San Remo (Map: Haly. C 4). " It was partly de- stroyed by the earthquake of February, 1887, but has since been rebuilt. Population (commune), in 1901. 18.59. DIANORA, de'a-no'ra. The wife of Gilberto in the tiftli storj' of the tenth day in Boccaccio's Decameron. To free herself from the suit of An- saldo she set him an impossible task, which, how- ever, he accomplished by the aid of a magician. When her husband insisted on her carrying out her promise, Ansaldo waived his claim. The story is the source of Chaucer's Fra»kli/n's Tale. DIANTHTJS. See Carnation ; Pink. DI'APA'SON (Lat., octave, from Gk, 6ta. TraaCiv, diiipusOn, through all. sc. ;top(!6Ji', ckor- dun, chords ) . A term in music by which the an- cient Greeks designated the octave. In modern music, diapason is used to denote the range or compass of the voice or of an instrument. The French used the term as equivalent to pilch. The diapason normal is the standard or international pitch which is now almost universally adopted. The French Academy, in 18.59, fixed the number of vibrations of the a' at 870 (or 435 double vi- brations) per second. Diapason is also the Eng- lish name given to certain stops of pipes in the organ, commonly of eight-foot pitch, which are considered the fundamental stops, of which there are generally two — a stojipcd diapa.son and an open diapason — on each manual. See Obg. . DIAPER (OF. fliapre, diaspre. It. diaspro, from Lat. jnKpin, Gk. laairic, in.ipis, jasper, possi- bly oi Semitic origin; ef. Heb. yunhpheh. At. yaah. i/asf. i/rt.fhb. jasper; this stone being much used in ornamenting jewelry, originated the name of a texture ornamented or variegated in an an- alogous way). In textile manufactures this term is applied to fabrics woven like damask (q,v.), but with the pattern of a checkered character. The appellation, originally given to silk, is now given to any material woven in this way. In architec- ture, DiAPKR-woRK, or DiAi'KRiNn, is a kind of decoration applied to plane surfaces, and consists of a small pattern either of flowers, leaves, or arabesques. car'ed or painted. The flower, or othe.r object, is generally inclosed in a small frame, and these frames, which U)Uch each other at the edges, constitute in themselves a sort of mathematical diapering. When the pattern is caned, it is generally simk ; and when painted it consists of a darker shade of the same color as the plane surface, by which the elTect of shadow- is communicated to it. DiAi'Hij is applied in heraldry to fields and charges, relieved by arabesque and geometrical patterns. These patterns were generally of a darker shade of the same tincture. Tliis, being merely an ornamental device, not afVecting the heraldic value of the object.s to which it was ap- Iilied, was generally left to the fancy of the painter. DI'APHAN'OSCOPE (Gk. rf/nOaw/c, diaph- ants, transparent + axo-dv, skopeiii, to see). A dark box, constructed for exhibiting transpar- ent photographs or other pictures. It may or may not be furnished with a lens. The photo- graph, which is generally a glass positive, is placed at a distance from the eye equivalent to the focal length of the lens with which the origi- nal picture was made. DI'APHORE'SIS (Lat., from Gk. 6,a^6f>?,aiu perspiration, fmm (h'Kpopnr, dinphorrin, to carry off, from Sl&, did. through + ipoiic'iv, phorein, to carry, frequentative of tpii^em, phenin. to bear). The excretion of sweat or perspiration, whether perceptible or not. The term is gener- ally used to denote the excessive perspiration caused by certain dntgs called diaphoretics (q.v. ) or sudorifics. DIAPH'ORETICS (Gk. diatiopi/nwc, dia- plwrCtil.os, pninioting perspiration, from 6iaoo- psiv, dinp]ior-ciii. to carry ofl"). Remedies used to excite the secretions of the skin. The simplest diaphoretic agents are baths, wliieh may be either warm baths of water or vapor l)aths, and may be either simple or medicated. (See Bath.) The most powerful of all, however, as reg-ards inducing perspiration, is probably the so-called Turkish bath, which consists essentially in the use of air heated to a temperature of 140° F., or even more. The following substances, used inter- nally, are powerful diaphoretics: antimony, ipe- cacuanha, opium (these three either singly or in combination) ; ammonia, and the carbonate, or acetate, of ammonia (spirit of Mindcrerus), sweet spirits of nitre, pilocarpine, and alcohol, DIAPHRAGM (Lat., diaphrdfimit. Gk.. 6ia- ijipayfia, partition, midriff, from 6iaippa}'int>ai, dia- phragnyiKii, to barricade, from Siii, dia, through -j- (ppap'l'vai, phrartni/nai, to fence in), A thin musculo- fibroOs partition separating the cavity of the thorax from that of the abdomen. It is roughly elliptical, with the longest diameter from side to side and almost horizontal in its anterior part, while the posterior portion is nearly vertical. The diaphragm is attiiched in front to the ensiform cartilage of the breast-bone (sternum), and laterally to the inner surface of the cartilages and bony parts of the six or seven lower ribs; posteriorly the attachment is to two aponeurotic arches on each side (lifiamrntnm arruiitum externum and internum), and to the second, third, and fourth lumbar vertebra? by means of firm fibrous tendons (the crura of the diaphragm), which terminate above in large flesiiy bellies. The central portion of the dia- plirapm is tendinous and shapeil like a trefoil leaf, the muscular fibres radiating from this to the points of attachment. There arc three large