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* DIALECT. 198 DIAI.LAGE. for others. Thus, the standard English bold is, in Ireliiud, hould; in Sfolhmd, bauld; ichat, whore tlie A is no.irly evanescent, becomes, in a tM;otehiuan's nioul li, or rather tliroat.c/iira/, and, in Aberdeenshire Scotch, fat — / in this dialed being regularly substituted lor ic/i, or rather Inc. (2) Each dialect has peculiarities of grammar: In uiany parts of Kn^laiul, and in Scotland, the plu- ral of eye is not eyes, but the archaic eyeii, or ecu, like oxen. The habitual use of he, where the standard grammar prescribes am, is, arc, etc., is prevalent in largo districts of England. Of this kind is the use of the strong conjugation for the weak, or vice versa; as luitij, laji. Ihiiikh. for leap, leaped, leaped. (3) Peculiarities of vocab- ulary: Those individual words current in one or more districts, but unknown to the standard vocabulary, are properly protiiieialisms. They are usually genuine words of an older stage of the language, that have survived longer in some localities than in others. Some provincialisms, as beam or haini, for child, niarroic for fellow or match, to greet for to weep, are common to Scot- land and the north of England. Others arc more local, as to eleam. for to fasten or cement: hep- pen, a, Yorkshire term for pretty near; thrippa, in Cheshire, to cudgel. The exclusion of such words from the standard language is often acci- dental, and many of them might be and are with advantage resumed; as marrow, gloaming, etc. (4) Peculiarities of intonation: Tliis is some- times, though with little propriety, called accent, which means strictly the stress laid ipon a par- ticular syllable of a word. There are no doubt local peculiarities of this kind. too. The ten- dency of standard English, especially the more recent, is to throw the accent toward the begin- ning of the word: in Scotland, the tendency lin- gers to say envy' for en'ry. But peculiarities of intonation lie in the dilTerent ways in which the pitch of the voice is managed — in the musical accompaniment of articulation. DifTerenres in this respect give rise to the monotonous drawl of one district, the angry, querulous tone of an- other, the sing-song of a third, etc. So long as dialectic varieties of language were looked iiimn indiscriminately as corruptions and barbarisms, they were noticed by schools only that such corruptions might be avoided. A more rational philology, without trenching upon the rules of good writing, considers them essential parts of the speech of a people, and a knowledge of them necessar^' to any thorough investigation of the genius of that speech. It is obvious that dialect is entirely a rclntive term, and that what we call by that name in one connection we may call a language in another connection. Thus, Greek and T.atin may be called sister dialects of that primitive language from which it is held that they, as well as the other members of the Indo-Germanie family, branched off. (See Indo- Germaxic h.NciTAGES.) Greek spoken of by it- self, however, is a language, and Tonic. Doric, Attic, etc., are dialects of it. The same holds good with the others. In practice, however nearly related the speech of two peoples may be, we do not apply the term dialects, iniless the peoples are mutually intelligible and have a com- mon literary standard. For several centuries collections of dialectic words have been made, but it is only within re- cent years that the siibjeet has been studied sei- entificallv and with reference to the c.act sounds of dialectic words. The last stage in the study of the Englisli dialects is marked by the publicaliia of the Lnylish Dialect Dictionary, edited liy ./. Wright (London, 18!)8 et seq. ). A list of" the most important glossaries and grannnars of the English dialects is given in Paul, (lrundri.ss dir germanischcn I'hiloloyic (Strassburg, lSOti),and a shorter list may be found in Sonnenschein, licst Literature (London, ISito). A stud}' of the American dialects is being conducted by the American Dialect Society, the results of which are appearing in the Dialect Soles (Norwood, ilass., ISilO et sc<].). Tlie investigation of the German dialects is sunuiiarizcd in I'aul's (Inind- riss. Of the Scandinavian languages the Swed- ish has been most carefully studied on this side, several journals being devoted to the subject. I'or the dialects of the Komance languages, eon- suit: Grijber, (Irundriss dcr romaniDchen Phi- lologie, vol. i.(Strassburg, 1888) ; and for the Greek dialects: Meister. Die griechiseheii Dia- lekte (Giittingen, 18S!I) ; HolTmann. Die griechi- schen Dialckte (Gottingen. 18tll-!l3) ; "Smvth, tlrcek Dialects (Oxford. 18!I4). For the Italic dialects consult Conway, Italic Dialects (0.ford, 1000). .See Ameuica.ism.s: English Lan- cfAGE: and articles on other languages. DIALECTIC (Lat. dialeeticus, Gk. <I(o/«7/Kof, dialektif.os, from iha'/jrK7i)r, dialektos, dis- course, dialogue). A philosophic term that was first used by Socrates and Plato to designate the Socratic method of taking up some conception and showing the inadequacy of popular views concerning it. by debating about their deficiencies and inconsistencies: hence the name given it. Aristotle used "dialectic' in the sense of proba- ble reasoning. After this, 'dialectic' came to imply a sort of word-fence, the art of so using the forms of reasoning as to confound your oppo- nent and 'make the worse appear the better cause.' Kant used the term to designate that part of his Crilii/iie of Pure Reason which ex- poses the fallacies into which one falls who tries in knowledge to transcend the limits of experi- ence. Hegel restored the word to its ori;;inal Socratic meaning, and called his system dialec- tical because it sought to show the insi(Ht'iency of many conceptions in ordinary use. and to discover the missing elements. Dialectic is .sometimes used as s^-nonymous with logic. Logic, however, which orisrinated with .ristotle. is jiroperly the science of the forms of thinking: it is less di- rectly concerned with words than dialectic, whi<h in this view becomes a subordinate province of logic — the art of disputation. Dialectic, in fact, is little heard of where philosophy is positive and experimental: it is chiefly used with regard to the more ideal and a priori speculations of such philosophers as Kant, llegel, Schelling, etc. DIALLAGE, di'nl-lrij (Neo-Lat.. from Gk. fia'/.'/a-jij, diallanr, interchange, from fia77/iaativ diallassein, to interchange, from rf/d, dia, throuirh -4- a?'/i'irniiv, allnssrin. to change). -V thin foliated or bimellar variety of pyroxene of a •rri'en to brown color. It is seldom found crystal- lized, but usually massive, with a pearly lustre. Tt-M composition is similar to that of diopsido (calcium magtiesium silicate). Init it sometimes contains alumina, when it should properly be classed with aiigite. By some authorities it is believed to be an altered augite. It i-i widely dis- tributed, and is found in the early rocks. Cer-