Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/229

DEXTRIN. duced by the Ii3drolysis of the latter. A con- tinuation of the hydrolytic action results in the formation of sugars. The principal dextrins are: erytliro-dextrin, achroudexlrin, and malto- dextrin, all of which have the same relative com- position as starch— (CoH.oOjln ; their molecular weights, liowever, are unknown. -Vchroijdextriii may be jirepared by the i>rotonj;ed action of saliva or pancreatic juice on stardi paste; when the solution ceases to be coUired by the addition of iodine, that is to say, when all the starch has been transformed, the solution is concen- trated by evaporation and precipitated with alcohol. The substance thus obtained is com- pletely freed from maltose by warming with mercuric cyanide and caustic soda and may be further purified by dissolving in water and reprecipitating with alcohol.

Dextrin (British gum or starch gum) is often ^ ^' used as a substitute for gum arable in the processes of calico-printing, and for stitlening different goods: it is also applied to the back of postage stamps. Its value as a substitute for gum consists in its being more flexible and less brittle, when dry, than that substance. For com- mercial purposes it is prepared on a large scale either by moistening potato-starch with weak nitric acid, then drying and lieating to 110° C, cr by simply heating the starch to about 2501 C. When thus prepared, dextrin contains consider- able amounts of dextrose and unaltered starch.

DEY, dfi (Turk. dai. maternal uncle). A title applied colloquially to any elder, especially in former times among the .Janissaries: conse- quentl.v, when the commander of that corps was associated with the Turkish pasha in the govern- ment of Algeria, the name was retained for him, and then transferred to any pasha or regent. Early in the eighteenth centur.v the Dey of Al- giers emancipated himself from the authority of the Sultan. Tunis and Tripoli were also some- times ruled by deys in place of the bey. See Beg.

DHABB, dUb. or DHOB, dob. See D.bb.

DHAK TREE, d.ak or d.-ik. See Butea.

DHAL, dUl. See PicEO. Pea.

DHAMMAPADA, d"hum'ma-pud'a (Pali, foot-print of right). The name of a division of the sacred writings of the Buddhists. It has been translated by Max Miiller. in vol. x. of the flricrfd Books of the East.

DHAR. dar. The capital of a native State of the same name in Central India, situated on the road between Mhow and Baroda, 1008 feet above the sea (Map: India, C 4). It is sur- rounded by walls and contains two large mosques. Ruins of considerable archaeological interest tes- tify to the ancient magnitude of the city, which is said to have had formerlv a population of ino.nno. Pnpnlntion. 18,400,"

DHARMASASTRA, d'har'mn-shas'tra. The name given to the metrical law books of Manu, Yajnavalkya, and others. The law book of Manu is relatively recent, hut its date cannot be definitely fixed. It is translated by Burnell (London. 1884). Yajnavalkya's work dates from the third eenturv* a.d. A collection of these texts 15 given in the DhnrmnSaxIrn.ianfirahn, edited by Pandit -Tibananda Vidyasagara (Calcutta, 1876).

DHARMASTJTRA, d'hiir'nia-smTtrA. A divi- sion of the sntra or ritual literature connected with the Vedas. They are works which fix the rules of life in relation to others, and are the source of the Dliarmasastra.

DHARWAR, dai'wur. The capital of a dis- trict of the same name in Bombav, Iniiia, in latitude 15° 28' N. and longitude 75^ 4' E., close to the frontier of -Madras (-Map: India, ii .',). It has a strong fort, and Government and native schools, and is an important railway centre. It has railway connection with ilariiiagoa in the Portuguese colony of Goa, through which port it carries on an extensive export trade in cot- ton. Population, in 18S11, 32.841 : in 1001, 31,270.

DHAWALAGIRI, d ihwula-ge'r;- or DHWALAGIRI or DHAULAGIRI ( Hind., white mountain). One of the highest peaks of the Himalayas (about 27,000 feet), situated in Xepal, near the parallel of 20° X. (Map: India, DHEGIHA (d'h-i'g*-ha) INDIAN'S. A group of Siouaii tribes, which inchuled the Osage, Omaha. Quapaw. Kansa. and Ponka Indians. See SiocAN Stock.

DHOLE, dol. ._wild dog of India, See DoQ.

DHOURRA, door'ra. See Sorghcm, para- gra ph on sacch a rine.

DHOW, dou. A vessel common to the Arabian Sea and the east coast of Africa. It is usually from 150 to 250 tons burden by measurement, and is built like a grab (q.v. )"with 10 or 12 ports. The rig is usually lateen with a single mast and sail, and the latter is set on an enor- mous yard which is as long as the vessel. The halliards of the yard consist of a pendant and three-fold purchase. The lower block of the tackle is secured to the weather rail and the end of the fall is also made fast there; the tackle thus becomes the backstay for supporting the mast, the only other rigging on it being three shrouds each side.

DHULIP (d'hoo-lep') or DHULEEP SINGH (1838-03). An Indian maharajah. son of the famous Runjit Singh, ruler of the Sikhs. Upon the death of his brother Charak Singh, Dhulip, although still in his minorit.v. succeeded to the throne, but. after a prolonged but inefl'ectual warfare against the English, was compelled to conclude a treaty of peace at Lahore ( JIarch 0, 1840) according to the terms of which he consented to renounce the throne in considera- tion of an annuity of £40.000. He was subse- quentlv educated in England and became a (i^hristian, although his mother. Ranee Chunda Kour, who also resided in that country until her death, refused to renounce her creed. . attempt to reestablish his authority in 188(5 proved unsuccessful and resulted in the loss of his pension. After a desultory career in Rus- sia and France, he was pardoned by the Queen and lii> jicnsion was renewed.

DHUN'CHEE (F-.tni.). f^esbania nculrata. A plant of the natural order Leguminos.T. The dhunchec is an annual herbaceous plant, much cultivated in India upon account of its fibre; it has an erect, sparinglv branched stem, G to 10 feet high. It is a plant of rapid growth, and succeeds best in low and wet soils. Its fibre is coar-ser than hemp, except when it is cut at a ver.v early period of its growth, is durable in water, but contracts considerably when wetted. It is steeped and prepared very much like Sunn (q.v.). It is native to the Malabar coast and