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* DEVELOPMENT OF DOCTRINE. ll DEVIATION. current Christian doctrine is regarded as needing fundamental and e.teusive reform. The question between lliese two schools is the iiuesliou of the reality aiul meaning of the supernatural. Con- sult: Cardinal Xewinan, An Essay on the Dcrel- opmcitt of Chrisliuii Doctrine (London, 1S78), and criticism by Prof. 1'. IT. Foster in his Chris- tian Life and Theology (Xew York, 1901). DEVENS, Charles (1820-91). An .Ameri- can jurist, lie was born in Charlestown. Mass., graduated at Harvard in 183S, and was admitted to the bar in IS41. He was a member of the State Senate in 1848-40. and from 1849 to 185:! was United States marshal for the district of Massachusetts. In this capacity he was called upon in 18.57 to remand Tlumias Sims (q.v.) to slavery, and strongly against his own inclination caused the process to be executed, but subse- quently made every eflort to secure Sims's free- dom. He served with the fnion Army in the Civil War from 1801 to ISGG, rose from the rank of major to that of brigadier-general, and vas brevettcd major-general for gallantry. He then resumed the practice of law. was associate justice of the Superior and Supreme courts of Massa- chusetts from 180" to 1877, and was United States Attorney-General tmder President Hayes from 1877 to 1881. From that time until his death he was again in the State Supreme Court. He was a brilliant orator and public speaker. In 1880 he presided over the exercises in celebration of the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of Harvard. DEVENTEK. A thriving town of Holland, situated on the Yssel. GO miles east of Amster- dam (Map: Netherlands. E 2). The town retains the mediaeval plan of streets, but is very neat. The principal buildings arc the cathedral (a stnicture in the early Gothic style), the town house, the court-house, and the Gothic weigh- house, now a high school for girls. There are a number of carpet factories and a Royal Smyr- na rug factory. The town is also famous through- out the country for its honey cakes, a kind of gingerbread, called 'Deventer koek.' Other indus- tries are iron-molding, and metal-case and glue making. There is also a large trade in grain, linen, and animal products. Population, in 1800, 2.-i,-220: in 1000. 20.212. Deventer is men- tioned as early as the eighth century, when it was taken by the Saxons. It was the seat of p. bishopric from 15.59 to 1591. DE VERE, Sir Aubrey (1788-184G). An Irish ] t. He was the eldest son of Sir Vere Hunt of Curragh Chase, Limerick, Ireland. In 1832 he took the name of De Vere. He studied under a private tutor at .mhleside. and was subsequently at Harrow. He passed his life as a country gentleman. His sonnets were greatly admired by Wordsworth. He also wrote three dramatic pieces: Julian the Apostate (1822): The Duke of Mrreia (182.3) : and Mary Tudor (posthumous. 1847). See Sonnets (1875) and ilary Tudor (1884), edited by his son, Aubrey Thomas de Vere (q.v.). DE VERE, AiBnEV TiroMAS (1814-10021. An Irisli poi-t. sun of Sir .ubrey De Vere, and second Baronet of Cnrragh Chase. Limerick. Kducated at Trinity College. Dublin, he first appeared as a popt in" 1842. with The Waldenses, or the FnV of Rora. a Lyrieal Tale. Xext year his Search After Proserpine made him widely and favorably known as a writer of verse, graceful, refined, and liuent. Among later volumes are: I'ocnis, Misecllancous and Sacred (1S53); May I'arols (1857); Irish Odes (1800); The Legends of Saint Patrick (1872); Legends of the Saxon Saints (1879) ; and The Foray of Queen Meave and Other Legends of Ireland's Heroic Age (1882). De Vere also published poetical dramas on Alexander the Great (1874) and Saint Thom- as of Canterbury (1876); Essays Chiefly on Poetry (1887); Essays Chiefly Literary and Ethical (1880) ; lieeollections (1897) ; and other works on Irish ecclesiastical politics and literary criticism. -As a poet he was inspired by Words- worth. He was a classical scholar of line cul- ture, and his api)rcciation of the Greek spirit is manifest in all his work relating to those an- cient myths. Of permanent practical achieve- ment may be mentioned his interest in the Celtic renaissance, and not the least attractive of his poems are those reviving the beauty of Irish legend. Consult: 7?eco;fec/Jo>i.s (London, 1807) ; Brooke :ind RoUeston, Treasury of Irish Poetrx) (Xew York. 1900). DE VERE, ilA.xistiLiAX, Baron von Schele ( 1820 — ) . An American philologist. He was born in Sweden, studied in Germany, and in 1842 emigrated to the United States. In 1844 he be- came professor of languages at the University of Virginia, but during the Civil War entered the Confederate Army, and afterwards acted as the commissioner of the Confederacy in Germany, At the close of the war he resinned his professor- ship. He was one of the founders of the Ameri- can Philological Society, and has puldished: Comparative Philology (1853); Americanisms (1871) ; Romance of American History (1872) ; several translations from Spielhagen ; and X. B. Saintine's Myths of the Rhine (1874). DEVEREXTX, dov'er-e, Penelope. See Stel- L.: also. Dark Lady, The. DEVEREUX, Robert. See Essex, Third Earl of. DEVI, da've (Skt., goddess) or MAHADE- VI, m;i'h;i-dri've. In Hindu mythology, the wife of Shiva, also called Durga and Parvati. DEVIATION (Lat. deviatio. from deviare. to go out of the way, from de, oil' -f- tin, way). The deflection of the comiJass-needle. due to local attraction, such as the magnetic forces of an iron or steel ship. It consists of two parts, that produced by permanent magnetism of parts of the vessel's structure, and that produced by in- duced magnetism in other parts. The angle of derintinn is the angle between the magnetic merid- ian and the compass-needle. (See CoMi'AS.s; Declination; and -Magnetism, Terrestrial.) The term also may signify a departure from the usual course of a voyage without justifiable cause; if lack of suincient cause is proved, the insurers are discharged from all further respon- sibility. It differs from a ehahge of voyage, which is planned and decided upon before the sailing of the ship. Perniission (o touch at, stay at. or trade in any particular place not in the usual course of the voyage must be expressly given in the contract. Deviation is justified by the following causes: (a) Stress of weather; (b) urgent need of repairs; (c) to join convoy; (d) to succor ships in distress; (e) to avoid capture or detention; (f) sickness; (g) mutiny of the crew.