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* DEUTERONOMY. 175 DEVAUX. the second discourse, chapters i.-iv., was added has not yet been ascertained by the investigations of scholars, though it probably dates from the exilic period. The same may be said of chapter xxi.., while chapter xxviii. appears originally to have been the conclusion to the enlarged book. Chapter xxvii. is an independent composition, which again impresses one as the natural con- clusion of a hook, and is therefore a 'doublet' to chapter xxviii. It may be admitted that the problems involved in the relationsliip of these two chapters (xxvii. -xxviii.) to the rest of the book have not yet been satisfactorily solved, and further investigations are needed. Of the poetic supplements, (a) the Song of Moses and (b) the Blessing of Moses, the former is now regarded as an exilic or even post-exilic composition, while the latter is considerably older, and reflects po- litical conditions as they existed in the days of Jeroboam II. (B.C. 7S2-743), Iicfore the disap- pearance of the northern kingdom. B1BIJOGR.VPHY. See besides the commentaries of Dillmann. Driver. Keil. Oettli. Jlontet, Steuer- nagel, etc.. Stark. Das Dcutrronomium (Leipzig, 1894) ; Steuernagel, Der Ifahmcn des Deuter- owmium.i (Halle, 1894) : Addis. Documents of the Hcxatriich, vol. ii. (London. 1898). DEUTSCH, doich, Em.xi-el Osc.b (1829-73). A distinguished Semitic scholar. He was bom of Jewish parents, at Xeisse, in .Silesia. His edu- cation was begun by an uncle, to whose inspira- tion he owed his interest in Oriental languages and literature, and was finished at the L'niversity of Berlin. In 185.5 he was called to England to fill an appointment in the library of the British Museum and labored there until his death in 1873. He acquired an extraordinar*- mastery of the whole range of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Rab- binical literature, and is best known for his articles on the Talmud and Islam in the Quai- ierlii Review, and also wrote excellent articles on the Targum and the Samaritiin Pentateuch for Smith's Dictionary of the Bible. The monu- ment of his official work in the British Mu- seum is to be found in the Ph<rnici<in Inscrip- tions, edited by itr. Vaux, to whom Deutsch rendered most valuable assistance. His engross- ing public duties and comparatively short life prevented Deutsch from fulfilling the dream of his life, an elaborate work on the Talmud. Con- sult his Literary Remains, containing reprints of his most important articles, with memoir (London and Xew York, 1S74). The essay on the Talmud has also been reprinted by the American .Jewish Pulilication Society, Special Series o. .i (Philadelphia, 1897). DEUTSCH-BROD, doich'brot. The capital of a district in Bohemia, Austria, on the Sazawa, 15 miles north of Iglau. It is an industrial centre, with woolen, lumber, and grist mills, glass-works, breweries, etc. In the fourteenth century it was noted for its silver-mines. The chief event in its history is the defeat of the Emperor Sigismund by Ziska in 1422, and the destruction of the town by the Hussites. Population, in 1900, G526. 33ETTTZ. doits. See Cqi.ogxe. DETJTZIA, dut'sl-a or doit'sl-a (after the Dutcli bdtanist Deut::). A genus of shrubs of the natural order Saxifragaic;e. natives of the north of India, China, and -Tapan. They produce an abundance of beautiful white flowers. The leaves of Deutzia scabra are so rough with sili- ceous hairs that they are used by joiners in Japan for polishing wood. Deutzia scabra and Deutzia gracilis are common ornamental slirubs in the United States. Other species are often used for torcing in greenhouses. DEUX-PONTS, depo.x'. See ZwEinRicKKN. DEV, dav, less accurately DEW, or DIV. The Persian word for demon, identical with .vestan ilafra, and the same as Sanskrit dcva, although the latter means god, not demon. According to Zoroaster the Daevas were created by Ahriman (q.v. ), and in Firdausi's Persian epic. Shah .V«- muh, the Devs are a constant source of guile, cunning, evil, and alarm. The difference in mean- ing between the usage of the word in Iran and India has been much discussed. See Avesta; ZORO.VSTER. DE'VA. The old Roman name for Chester and the river Dec. DEVANAGARI, da'va-nii'gaie, or Nagari. The name given to the character in which San- skrit is generally written, especially in northern and middle India. The Hindus commonly em- ploy the second term rather than the first. The word nagari means 'of the city, urban' (writing) ; devanagari signifies '(writing) of the divine city.' As the Arab chronographer Albiruni in his accoimt of India (about a.d. 1030, trans. Sachau, i. 173) mentions a kind of writing called agara as in use in Malwa, whose chief city is L'jjain, it has been thought that the name of this script, urban, urbane, may possibly have some connection with King Vikrama's capital, which was a famous seat of learning and literature. The Xagari alphabet consists of forty-eight let- ters, and it is written from left to right. It is believed to have assumed its present characteris- tic form about the eighth century a.d., and. like the other Hindu scripts, it is traceable back to the oldest form of Indian alphabet, the Branmi lipi, or Writing of Brahma, which is known from coins and inscriptions of about B.C. 350. The Brahml itself is held to be an adaptation of a form of Semitic writing that may perhaps have found its way into India as far back as the eighth century B.C. In modern times the earliest instance yet recorded (1902) of Devanagari let- ters being employed in a printed European book is found in five tables contributed to Kircher's China ilhistrata (Amsterdam, 1G07) by Hein- rich Roth, a German who had lived a number of years in India as a missionary. On the Nagari script and its paleographic sources, consult the standard work of Biihler, Indische Paldographie (Strassburg. 1896). See Alphabet; Sanskrit. DEVATTX, df-viV. Paul Louis Isidor (1801- 80). A Belgian statesman. He was born at Bruges, and was educated at LiSge. The estab- lishment of the so-called 'Doctrinal Party' after the Revolution of 1830 was largely due to his efforts and to those of his chief associates, Rogier and Lebeau. with whom he had six years previously foinided the ■lournal Politique. This publication, by unifying the Liberal and Cath- olic elements, agitated the opposition to King William T. of the Xetherland'^. and eventually be- came largely instrumental in promoting the sepa- ration from Holland and the establishment of an independent government. Dcvaux assisted in framing the Constitution, and in 1831 became Jlinister of .State, from which position he resigned