Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/212

* DEUSDEDIT. 174 DEUTEKONOMY. DE'XTSDE'DIT, or Adeodatcs. Pope from 615 to UlS. He is liouorcj as a saint on Novem- ber 8. DEUS EX MACHINA, niakl-nii (Lat., OoU from ;i iiiailiinr. a tninslatiun of i;k. Qru^ arru /i'/,i"»v/i', Thtos iijio iiuvhaiiC'S) . An expres- sion lioi rowed from the aneient elassieal theatre. The tragic poets often employed the intervention of a divinity to solve abruptly a tragie dilliculty, and ijuiekly bring about the dOnoiienient. The pod was brought on by stage machinery; lienee the name. Examples of the use of this device are the ap[H-arance of Heracles in the I'hiloctrlcs and of Athena in the Ipliigcnia in Tauriva. From the ancient usage, the term has been extended to mean any device by which a dramatic situa- tion is abruptly solved. DETTS-RAMOS, da'oosh rii'mAsh, JoSo DE (IS.'iOiiTi. A Portuguese poet, born in the J'rovinee of Algarve and educated at the Uni- versity of Coiml)ra. His verses, ehielly lyrical, consist of the following collections: Floren do campo (1805): Ramo de florcs (1870): and Folhus soltas (1870). He also wrote a Diccio- nario prosodico de Portugal e Brazil (1877). He is one of the most popular of contemporary Portuguese poets. DEUSSEN, dois'scn. P.t-L (1845—). A Ger- man (ihihisopher and Sanskrit scholar, born in Obcrclriis. lie studied at the luiiversities of Jionn. Tubingen, and Uerlin, and in 1889 was appointed professor of philosophy at Kiel. His pliilosophy combines tlic systems of Kant. Scho- jienliauer, and the Indian sages. His works in- clude: Commcnialio dc I'latvnis Sopliisia'. Vom- poHitiotie et Doctrina (Bonn, 180!)) : Da.s l^ysle'm dcs Ycdutita (ib., 1883); and Der kategorischc Impvralic (Kiel. 18'.ll). DEUS VULT (God wills it). The rallying cry of the First Crusade, originating in the ex- clamation of the multitude after the completion of Pope Urban II.'s address at the Council of Cb'vmont, ]nil5. DEUTERONOMY. The name of the fifth b(]i]k of the Pentateuch, derived from the Greek translation of the two Hebrew words in Deuter- onomy xvii. 18, which signify 'repetition of the law.' Deuteronomy contains the last injunctions of Moses to his people, delivered in the land of Moab. With the exception of chapters xxvii.- xxviii.. xxxiv., and a few verses elsewhere, the book is in the form of an address. There arc, however, in reality, three distinct speeches: (a) chapters i.-iv. ; (b) cha|>ters v.-xxvi. ; (c) chap- ters xxix.-xxxi.; together with two poems, chap- ters xxxii. and xxxiii. The book closes with an account of the death of Closes (chapter xxxiv.). It was alieady recognized by some of the Church fathers, e.g. Chrysostom and .Terome. that Deu- teronomy is the book referred to in II. Kings xxii. as having been fouml in (he eighteenth vear of .losiah (n.c. 022) by the High Priest Hilkiah. (.See JosiAii.) ]?ut while critics are now unani- mous in dating the beginning nf Dculenmomy from this period, it does not follow that the book, as we have it. was composed in the days of .lo- siah. In the first place, the law hook brought (o the King could not have been as extensive as (he pri'scnt hook iif Deuteronomy. The two poems are ilearlv additions, and the same may be said of the short prophetic iliscourse in chapters xxix.-xxxi. and of the blessings and oirses, chap- ter xxvii. There remain tile two speeches, (1) chapters v.-xvi.. to which chapter iv. 45-49 forms the introduction, and (2) ehai)ters i.-iv. .Since (he former discourse contains no reference to the latter, llie two are indipcndeiit of one another; other evidence can also be brought forward. Be- tween the two the choice is not dillicult. Since Ililkiali speaks of a "book,' a document of some bulk is evidently intended, and the references to specilic laws in the narrative of II. Kings confirm the view adopted by most critics that chapters v.-xxvi. represent the law-book of Hil- kiah, which nuiy have been composed in the ear- lier years of .losiah's reign, or possildy under ilanasseli or Hezekiah. This discourse may be again divided into two sections: (a) chapters v.-xi. ; (b| chapters xii.-xxvi. The former is an historical narrative i>ut into the mouth of Moses; the latter an expositiim of the law. The two divisions, however, formed an organic whole, and everything points to a single origin for them. The historical narrative forms the justiliiation, as it were, for the authority claimed for the law. Xaturally. even in this original portion of Deu- teronomy, insertions and ani|)lilications have been introiluced by those who in the course of time enlarged the book by adding to it the other dis- courses, the blessings and the curses, aiul the poems; and who inclosed the whole in an histori- cal frame and attached it to the four preceding books, and to the four following ones, .Toshua, Judges, Sanuiel. and Kings, in order to form one great historical compilation in which the legal code of Deuteronomy and the earlier and later legal codes imbedded in Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers have been worked in. (See ExoDt:s; Leviticvs; NrMREiis: HEX.^TEt"CII.) In these codes three distinct strata are recognized: (a) Exodus xxi.-xxiii., called the Book of the Cove- nant; (b) Leviticus xvii.-xxvi., the Law of Holi- ness; (c) the Priestly Law. including the rest of the laws in Exodus, Leviticus, and .Vunibers. Hence a question arises as to the position to be accorded to the (uiginal Dcuteronomic code. As a result of the investigations of modern schtdars — notably Kuenen, <iraf, Wellhauscn. and Stade — it may now be regar<led as detinitely estab- lished: (1) that Deuteronomy is older than (b) and (c). but younger than (a): and (2) that the Dcuteronomic code is based upon the Book of the Covenant, enlarged and adapted to new con- ditions and introducing as an entirely new fea- ture the recognition of .lerusalem as the only legitimate centre of Vahweh worship. Every- thing points to .lerusalem as the place where the original Deuteronomy was written, and there is nothing strange in the supposilion that. !i- a re- sult of prophetic agitation for the purification of Yahweh worship, an ntlenipt should have been made, particularly after the profound impression made in .ludea by the catastrophe to the northi'rn Kingdom, to formulate an ideal code whic li should carry out the views of the Yahweh pin ists; and since the prophets pointed to the days of the wanderings in the wilderness as the period when the people shnwed the greatest fidelity to Yahweh. it was also natural that the traililion should arise and gather strength which ascribed the Deuleroiioinic code, as subsequently the other codes, to the great leader of the past — Moses. It is this traililion which, shaping the subsi.quent history of Israel, gave to the ccmIcs their authcu- ity in the eyes of the people. How long after this