Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/185

* DERRICK. 149 DERWENTWATER. vire. The mast and boom are Orejjoii fir. For 'lloatiii? ilorrieks,' see Ckaxe. DERRINGER, der'nii-jer. A kind of short- baiivk-d pistul. ul' very large calibre, very ellee- tive at siiorl range. It derive.s its name from its inventor, an American gunsmith. DER'KY. See Loxdoxdekry. DERVISH (Pers. darv'ish, poor, Avesta driyii, poor; the Persian equivalent of Ar. juy'tr. poor, ascetic). In Mohammedan countries a class of persons who are supposed to lead a peculiarly religious life, resembling in some re- s|K'cts the monks of Christendom. There are many dilferent brotherhoods or orders. D'Ohsson.inhis work on the Ottoman Empire, enumerates thirty- two, but the list is far from being complete. The period of establisliraent extends from a.d. 7GS down to the last century, in which several new ones were established. They live mostly in convents, well endowed, both in land and money, called Tekkije, and are under a chief with the title of "Sheik,' i.e. 'elder.' Some of the monks are married and allowed to live out of the monastery, but most sleep there some nights each week. Their devotional exer- cises consist in meetings for worship, frequent prayers, religious dances, and mortifications. The main devotional exercise, however, is the zil;r. which is conducted differently in the dilferent orders. It consists in the repetition of certain fornuilas, accompanied by violent mo- tions until the dervish falls into a cataleptic state. As the convent does not provide them with cloth- ing, they are obliged to work more or less. Three of the orders, the Bastamiyah. the Nakshbandi- yah. and the Bakhtashiyah. claim to be descended from the original order established by the first cali])h Ahu-Bekr. Of these, the Xakshbandiyah are the most numerous. In their convents at Cairo and Constantinople and elsewhere, they have services on Wednesdays and Sundays, when about twenty performers take part in the zikr ceremony. The orders are spread throughout the Mohammedan world and in India. The most popular one is that of the Muradiyah, to which most of the fakirs belong who crowd the bazaars of India. The Rufaiyah (founded 1182) in India, Turkey, and Egypt, are known for their severe discipline and the castigations of their bodies. They are con»nionly known as the 'Howl- ing Den-ishes.' Another popular order is that of the Kalandariyah. known also as the 'Wander- ing Dervishes.' among whom constant traveling is an obligation. The !Maulawiyah constitute the order familiarly known as the 'Dancing Der- vishes.' At their zikr they follow one another almut the lloor in regular order, each with eyes closed and arms extended, turning around in a sort of waltz and intoning a monotonous chant. Kaeh order has its own rules and principles, extending to the dress and the method of wearing the hair and beard. In many of the orders the initiation rites are most elaborate. Tradition refers the origin of these orders to the earliest times of Islam, making the caliphs .biBekr and Ali found such brotherhoods. While it is certain that Mohammed advocated poverty, it i~ more probable that dervishes arose later, when Mohammedanism came into contact with other religions, such as Persian and Hindu. Many Mohammedan princes have held dervishes in high respect and bestowed rich endowments on their establishments, and they are still held in high veneration by the peo])le. For a time, however, they were regariled with suspicion by the (Jovernment, since they decline to obey any authority exce])t the religious head of the order, ilcnce Malimud II, in lS2(i attempted to de- stroy the orders, actually |)utting to death some of the leaders. His attempt, liowcvcr, failed. Besides those dervishes regularly alliliated with an order, there are individuals who travel from place to place, and by feats of strength or sleight-of-hand manage to earn a livelihood. Con- sult: Lane, The Modern Egyptians (London, IS.'SC) ; Brown, The Dervishes (Philadelphia, 186S) ; Malcolm, Histor;/ of Persia (London, 1829) ; D'Ohsson. History of the Ottoman Em- igre (Paris, 17S7-;iO). DERVISH PASHA, der-vesh' pa-shii', Ibra- Ulil (1817-90). A Turkish soldier and states- man, born in Constantinople. He attended the rank of general of division in lSt)2 and success- fully commanded tlu^ Turkish forces in the cam- paign against ilontenegro. He was subse<iuently placed in charge of the civilized military adminis- tration of Albania and Syria. He became Gov- ernor-General of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but, failing to quell the insurrection of 1875, was re- called. In the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 he distinguished himself by his successful defense of Batum. As Governor-General of Albania in 1880-81 he reestablished Ottoman authority and brought as prisoners to Constantinople the lead- ers of the revolutionary league. DERWENT, der'went (clear water). One of the principal rivers of Tasmania. It issues from Lake Saint Clare, in the centre of the island; Hows tortuously toward the southeast ; passes by Hobart, the capital; and after a course of 130 miles enters Storm Bay. in D'Entrecasteaux Channel, bv an estuary four miles wide (Map: Tasmania. H 7). The Derwent is navigable as far as Hobart for shi])S of any burden. DERWENTWATEB, der'went-WR't6r. L.ke. An oval sheet of water in the south of Cumber- land, England, one of the most beautiful lakes of that county (Map: England, C 2). It is three miles long, one mile broad, 72 feet deep, and 222 feet above the sea. Its banks are rocky and abrupt, and behind them rise rockv mountains, one of which, the Cat Bells, is 1448 feet high; another, Lodore, has a waterfall of 100 feet. Derwentwater is an enlargement of the Derwent River, which flows into the Irish Sea at Working- ton, It has several wooded isles, besides a re- markable floating isle — a mass of earthy matter, six feet thick, varying in size in dilleront years from an acre to a few square rods, covered with vegetation and full of gas-bubbles which buoy it on the surface of the water. The lake abounds in trout, pike, perch, ami eels, DERWENTWATER, .Tames Raocliffe or Radci.vffe, third and last Earl of (1G89-I716), An English Roman (^atholic nobleman, one of the leaders in the Rebellion of 171.5, He came of an ancient Xorthumberland familv, and was born in London, .Tvme 28, 1089. He received his edu- cation in France, and at his father's death in 170.5 became Earl of Derwentwater. He joined the Pretender in 1715 with seventy retainers, and, after fighting with great heroism, was taken prisoner at Preston. He was convicted of trea- son, and, desjjite all efforts to save him, was