Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 06.djvu/134

* DEMAND AND SUPPLY. 104 DEME. till' other liaiiJ, the goods are not freely repro- ducible, we are apt to find the tendency of a diminishing r-iipply to raise prices cheeked by the priH-ess of substitution, and hence a falling oil in denuind. Thus, in the L'nited States the substitution of coal for wood as fuel, and iron and steel for wood in construction work, has checked the rise in price which might otherwise have Ihhmi ex|H'Cted. There arc certain goods however, like the autographs of distinguished men now dead, or paintings liy the old masters, which seem to lie wholly outside the ordinary rules fixing prices, as they cannot be duplicated or their |)laces filled by substitutes. But such illustrations -serve only to make clear how wide is the application of the law to the great bulk of the world's daily exchanges. Kor a dear dis- cussion of demand and supply, consult Cairnes, I.cadinff I'linciples of Political Kionomy (Lon- don. 1884). See POLITIC.L EtOXOMY. DEMAR'ATtJS I Lat., from Gk. A>;/«ipaTos). A Spartan king from about B.C. 510 to B.C. 4!)1. Hy the machinations of his colleague, C'leonienes (q.v.), he was deposed. He subsequently re- paired to the Persian Court, and accompanied Xerxes as a councilor on that monarch's expe- dition agaiii>t Cnive. DEMARCATION (Fr. dcmarcaiion, from Lat. </f, off, away, ML. marra. boundary, limit, mark). Line of. The historical and carlograph ical name given to an imaginary line running due north and south 100 leagues west of the .zoies, established by a Papal bull of Alexander VI. on May 4, 14!t;i. delimiting the spheres of Span- ish and Portuguese possession in the Xew World. .ll new lands discovered east of this line were to belong to Portugal, and all to the west to Spain. Dissatisfaction with this arrangement on the part of Portugal led to the conclusion of the Convention of Tordesillas between S|)ain and Portngul. .Tune 7. 14H4. in which the lin(of de- marcation was shifted 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, so that Brazil, as yet undis- covered, subseipiently fell to the share of Portu- gal. As between the two Iberian powers, the terms of the convention were respected in fair measure, though disputes as to the exact deter- mination of the line were frequent. The other na- tions of Kurope. however, paid little regard to the Papal bull. Consult Harrisse. Diplomatic His- ti.iii of Ani'tica (Xew York, 18!»8). DEMARTEAU, dc'martA', Gili.es (1722- "fi). A French engraver, born in Lifge. He is one of the most eminent exponents of the style of engraving in imitation of crayon drawing. He brought that process to gieat perfection, but was nc]|, as is frcipiently stated, the inventor of it. In I70H he was elected a member of the Paris Academy. His work comprises about 7.30 plates, for the most part after French masters, .mong the best are: "Tlie Wounded Lyeurgus." after Cochin: ".Justice Prote<-ting the Arts," after Cochin: "Entombment oi Christ," after Stellaert: "The Education of Cupid." after Boucher: and Bome excellent portraits, espwially that of the painter Charte'* Vanloo. DEM'AVEND', MofXT. .Xn extinct volcano of Persia, in latitude .'Ifi" X. and longitude .52° E., about ."'0 miles northeast of Teheran (Map: Persia. 11 3). It has an altitude of about 18,000 feet ami forms the loftiest peak of the Elburz chain, which separates the low shores of the Caspian Sea from the high tableland of Persia. Although no longer subject to eruptions, Deina- veiid bears traces of comparatively rec-ent ac- tivity. Its summit is conical and the crater still intact. At its base hot springs give evidence of the continued existence of volcanic heat at no great distance beneath the surface. A great deposit of sulphur covers the summit of Dema- veiid, and is brought down to the plains in bags as an article of commerce. The Urst Euro- pean to make the ascent of Demavend was Wil- liam T. Thomson, in 1837. Demavend towers high above the neighboring mountains, the ad- jacent summits not exceeding two-thirds of its elevation. At all times it has bei-ii a conspicpous object from the great trade route between India and the West, along the edge of the Persian tableland. Zohak. a ])ersonification of the bad principle, was supposed by the Persians to be buried under IX'iiiavend. DEMBEA, deniTj^-i or dem-bC-'il. See Tz.>A. DEMBIN'SKI, dem-ben'sk^ He.nrvk (I7!U- IsiU), l'i,li.ih and Hungarian general, born near Cracow, in Polaiui. lie entered the Polish Army in 1800. took part in the invasion of Russia by the French in 1812. and was made captain by N'apoleon himself on the battlefield of Smolensk. He subseipiently distinguished himself at I.<>ipzig. After the fall of the Empire, he returned to his native country, and lived in comparative obscur- ity for some time. The Polish Revolution of 1830 called him again to arms. He obtained the com- mand of a brigade of cavalry, and exhibited he- roic courage at the battles of Kuflev and (Istro- lenka. Afterwards he was engaged in the cam- paign in Lithuania, and returning to Warsaw, was made commander in-chief of the national army, holding the post, however, only for three days. .After the surrender of Warsaw to the Rus- -ians, Ucmbinski went to France. In 1833 he pro- ceeded to Egypt, and entered the service of Melie- met Ali, but returned to Paris in 1835. .Some months after the outbreak of the Hungarian in- surrection Kossuth appointed him commander-in- chief of the main Hungarian army (February 5. 1840). He drew up a line of campaign, but could not obtain the concurrence of Giirgei, whose tardy arrival caused the loss of the battle of Kfipolna (February 20-27. 1840). Forced to retreat behind the Theiss, Dcmbinski resigned his coiiiiiiand. but subsecpiently consented to act imder Mfvszaros. He was appointed to the command of the Northern Hungarian .riiiy and strongly urged the necessity of uniting the cause of Hungary with that of Poland, pro- posing to lead an army into (ialicia; but his advice was not taken. After the resignation of Kossuth, and the capitulation signed liv Gilrgei at Vilftgos (August 13, 1840), Dembiiiski tied to Turkey. In 18.10 he returned to Franco and commenced to write his .l/('»iioi»T« on the Hun- garian war. He died in Paris in 18('i4. Consult Danzcr, Deiiibinski in Viifinrn (Vienna, 1873). DEME, di-m (Gk. S^^iot. <li'mox. district). One (if the subdivisions of the ancient Attic tribes. The won! originally meant n rnunlrji dixtrici, and was applied to the riinil communi- ties, or to the people living in the country, in di-^tinction from Iho-c living in the city. The ilrmin exi'^ted from an early period, and. accord- ing to tradition, were made constituent parts of the .thenian territory by Theseus, but they do