Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/918

* DABT-MOTH. 796 DARTMOUTH COLLEGE CASE. a quarter. The fore wings are grayish brown variegated with black; the hind wings whitish, deepening into brownish toward the margin. The caterpillar is nearly 2 inches long when mature, and is of a dull tlesh-color mottled with brown and black. When ready to pupate it descends and forms a smooth cavity in the ground for that purpose. These caterpillars feed on the leaves of fruit-bearing trees and shrubs. DARTMOUTH, dart'nmth. A towni of Halifax County, Xova Scotia, Canada, situated on a small river emptying into Chebucto Bay, opposite the city of Halifax, of which it is practically a suburb connected by ferries (ilap: Xova Scotia, F 5). It contains handsome residences, the provincial asylum for lunatics, several foundries, rope- walks, a sugai'-refinery, and tanneries. Dart- moutli, founded in 1749, was destroyed by In- dians in 1751. Fort Clarence, below the town, commands the narrow and dangerous eastern passage, which was considered impassable for large vessels until 1S62, when the Confederate steamer Tallahassee escaped through it. Popula- tion, in ISm, 0252; in 1001, 4S06. DARTMOUTH. A municipal borough and seaport of Devonshire, England, built in terraces on a steep slope 300 to 400 feet high on the River Dart, at a short distance from the sea (Map: Eng- land, C 6). The streets are narrow and many of the houses very old. with overhanging stories, projecting gables, and wood-carvings. Saint Sav- iour's Church, of the fourteenth century, has a richly sculptured stone pulpit, a highly ornament- ed, painted, and gilt interior, and a beautifully carved rood-loft. A battery and the remains of a castle built during the reign of Henry VII. stand at the entrance to the harbor, which affords secure anchorage for vessels. In the river above the town is anchored the cadet training-ship Britan- nia. The commerce and shipping trade of Dart- mouth is of considerable importance. Its fish- erics are quite extensive and the town is a coaling station for the south coast. It has a resident United States consular agent. Population, in 1891, 6000; in 1901. GGOO. Sir Humphrey Gil- bert, the Newfoundland explorer, was born near the town. At Dartmouth, in 1190. the Crusaders, under Richard Coeur de Lion, embarked for the Holy Land. Its earliest known charter dates from the fourteenth century. The French burned the town in the time of Richard II., but were re- pulsed in another attack on it in 1404. In the Civil War of the seventeenth century, it was captured by the Royalists under Prince Maurice, and retaken by the Parliamentarians under Fairfax. DARTMOUTH COLLEGE. A leading American college situated at Hanover, N. H. Dartmouth originated in Moor's Indian Charity School, organized about 1750 at Lebanon, Conn., by the Rev. Eleazer Wheelock. and receiving its name and first endowment from Joshua Moor or More, in 1755. Support for the school came from gifts made chiefly by the General Courts of Massachusetts Bay and New Hampshire, and by persons in England interested in the project of educating the Indians. This interest was fos- tered by Sampson Occom. an Indian preacher and pupil of Dr. ^TieeIoek, who toured England and Scotland in 1706-67, raising funds for the school. The proceeds, some £10.000, were in- trusted to a board of trustees, of whom the Earl of Dartmouth was chairman. Encouraged by this success, plans were made for the enlarge- ment of the school, so that both whites and In- dians might be taught, and for placing it upon a legal and permanent basis. Largely through the influence of .lohn Wentworth, Governor of New Hampshire, large tracts of land were given by that province on the present site of the col- lege, and in 1709 George III. granted a royal charter to 'Dartmouth College' — named in honor of its patron, the Earl. At the same time, Moor's School was made a separate institution, though under the control of the same trustees as those of the college. This school was maintained until 1849, and still retains a legal if fictional ex- istence under the title 'The IPresident of Moor's Charity School.' Dr. Wheelock was made the first president of the college and retained office imtil 1779, when he was succeeded by his son John. In 1816, a religious controversy having arisen, the Legislature of New Hampshire passed acts intended to deprive the trustees of authority and to take to itself the control of the institu- tion. These acts were sustained by the State court, but were, in 1819, upon argument by Daniel Vebster (q.v.), invalidated by the Su- preme Court of the L'nited States, which declared the original charter to constitute an inviolable private trust. (See Dartmouth College Casb.) Dartmouth comprises the college; the Medical School, founded in 1798; the Thayer School of Civil Engineering, founded 1867 ; and the Amos Tuck School of Administration and Finance, founded in 1900. The Chandler School of Arts and Sciences, founded in 1851. was merged into the college in 1893 as the Chand- ler Scientific Course. In 1866 the New Hamp- shire College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts was established by the State in connection with Dartmouth, but was separated from the college in 1893, and moved to Durham, N. H. The course of the iledieal School is four years, and that of the Thayer and Amos Tuck Schools, two years ; but the first year in any of the gradu- ate "schools may, under certain restrictions, be credited also as the last year in the under- graduate school. Degrees are conferred in arts, letters, science, civil engineering, and medicine. The college buildings, numbering some twenty-five, include laboratories, an observatory, a medical building, dormitories, a large dining-hall, and commons. There is, besides, the Mary Hitchcock Memorial Hospital, having lecture and clinic facilities at the disposal of the Medical School. The library represents the accumulations of a century and a quarter, and consists of some 90,000 volumes and 20.000 pamphlets. The student enrollment in 1902 was 768, of whom 72 were in the Medical School. 36 in the Thayer School, and 27 in the Amos Tuck School. The presidents of the college have been: Eleazer Wheelock. 1709-79; John Wheelock. 1779-1815; Francis Brown, 1815-20; Daniel D.ana. 1820-21; Bennett Tvler. 1821-28; Nathan Lord. 1828-63: Asa Dodge Smith. 1863- 77: Samuel Colcord Bartlett. 1877-92; William Jewel t Tucker. 1893—. DARTMOUTH COLLEGE CASE. One of the most important cases in constitutional law ever decided by the L^nited States Supreme Court. The charter of Dartmouth College was granted by the British Crown in 1769. incorpo- rating twelve persons by the name of the Trus-