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* DARLING. 793 DARMSTADT. Nortliuiiiberland, the daiighter of William Dar- ling, lighthouse-keeper on Longstone, one of the Fame Islands. On the morning of September 7, 18,38, the steamer Forfarshire was wrecked near the lighthouse, and all but nine of the sixty- thi-ee passengers perished. In spite of the dan- ger of such an undertaking, the father and daughter made two trips to where the survivors lay, and rescued all of them. News of the ex- ploit was received with great enthusiasm by the English people, and by popular subscription the Sinn of £750 Mas raised for the heroine. Con- sult Grace Darling: Her True Story, from Un- ptiblished Papers in tlie Possession of the Family (1880). DAR'LINGTON. A Parliamentary and muni- cipal liorough and market town in Durham County, England, on the Skerne, near its junc- tion with the Tees, 18 miles south of Durham City (.Map: England. E 2/. The town is laid out in wide and regular streets, and has a spa- cious market-place. The parish church of Saint Cuthbert, a handsome Early English edifice, was founded about IIGO by Bishop Pudsey. Dar- lington sends one member to Parliament. It re- ceived its charter of incorporation in 1867. It has owned its gas and water supply since 1854, and it maintains public baths and markets. Its principal manufactures are iron and worsteds, and there are extensive locomotive works be- longing to the Northeastern Railway. The first passenger railway operated by steam was opened in 1825 between Darlington and Stockton. Popu- lation, in 18!n, 38.000: in 1001, 44,.'500. At Oxen-le-field. three miles from Darlington, are curious cavities of unknown origin, called Hell Kettles. From Anglo-Sa.xon times till 1867 Darlington was under the authority of the Bishop of Durham. Consult Longstaft'e, History and Antiquities of Darlington (London, 1854). DARLINGTON. A town and the county- seat of Darlington County, S. C, 82 miles east by north of Columbia, at the jimction of two divisions of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (Map: South Carolina, E 2). It carries on a considerable trade in cotton, tobacco, and grain, the principal products of the surroiuiding agri- cultural region. There are cotton-mills, tobacco- factories, fertilizer-works, etc. Population, in 1890, 2389; in 1900, 3028. DARLINGTON, Vii.li.m (1782-1863). An .American botanist, born at Birmingham. Pa. In 1806 he went to India, and on returning pub- lished an account of his voyage. In 1814 he was chosen to Congress, and in 1819 was reelected. .t Westchester, Pa., he founded an athenieum, an academy, and a society of natural history. -Among his (niblications are: Mntnnl Influence of Habif.i and Disease: Apricultural Chemistry; Aciricnltnral Botaiit/ (1847); and Memorial of John Jiartram (1849). DAR'MESTETER, Agnes Mary Frances. See RoniMsox. .gnes IMary Fr.^nces. DARMESTETER, d-irm'stc-tar', .jAjtES (1849- 94). A French Orientalist, wdiose eminence was achieved especially in the field of Iranian scholar- ship. He was born, of .Tewish parentage, at Chiiteau-Salins. in Lorraine. He was educated at the Lycee Bonaparte. Paris, from which he graduated with the highest honors in 1867, when he began to devote himself to Oriental philology, chiefly under the guidance of the gift- ed Michel Breal. In 1877 he was appointed assistant professor of Zend at the Ecole des Ilautes Etudes, and in 1885 was advanced to the l)rofessorsliip of Iranian languages and litera- ture at the College dc France. In 1880 he visit- ed India, to make special philological researches in connection with the sacred books of the Par- sis, and was afterwards honored l)y an ap|)oint- ment as fellow of Bombay L'niversity. For years he had acted as secretary of the Soeif'te -Asiatique de Paris, and he was likewise busily engaged a.s an editor of a leading |)olitical and literary periodical. La Revue de Paris, at the time of his death. His w'ritings in the field of Avestan philology and Zoroastrianism are of prime im- portance, even if his theories, which are often very radical, cannot always be accepted. Among his works may be mentioned: llaurvaiat et Ameretut, Essai unr la rnytlioloyie de I'Avesta (1875); Orinazd et Ahriman, leurs urigines et Icnr hisloire (1877) ; Etudes iraniennes (1883) ; The Zend-Avesta (translated 1880. 1S83) ; Essais orientau.v (1883); Clianls puimlaires des Af- ghans (1888-90) ; Les prophvtes d'Isruel (1892) ; and his most important work, • Le Zcnd-A vesta ; Traduction nouvelle (3 vols., 1892-93). A num- ber of his literary essays have been translated into English bv Helen jastrow (Boston, 1895), and by his wife (New York, 1897). DARMSTADT, diirm'stat (Oer., city of the Darm, the river near which the city lies). The capital of the Grsind Duchy of Hes.se, Germany, and residence of the Grand Duke, about midway between the Rhine and the Jlain, at the north- western extremity of the Odenwald, and 17 miles south of Frankfort-am-ilain (Map: (jcnnany, C 4). It consists of an old and new town, the streets of the former being narrow and crooked, but those of the latter broad and handsome, ex- hibiting many imposing specimens of architec- ture. Its principal square, the Luisenplatz, adorned with a lofty cohnnn, surmounted by a bronze statue of Grand Duke Louis I., who founded the new town, contains the post-office, the Government building, and the old palace. The Grand Ducal Palace, surrounded by pleas- ant gardens, was begun in the fifteenth century, but practically rebuilt in the early part of the eighteenth. It contains a valuable library of some 500,000 volumes, an arch.Tological collec- tion, and a picture gallery with some good ex- amples of the early German and the Netherland- ish masters. The chef-d'reuvre is the so-called iNIeyer Madomia, by Holbein the Younger. Promi- nent among numerous churches arc the Stadt- kirche. with the handsome monument of Land- grave George I., and the Roman Catholic church built after the Pantheon at Rome, .with a lofty dome supported by twenty-eight colnnms. Other notable features include the mnV palace, the palace of Prince Henry, the old and new town halls, theatre, and the Herrngartcn, a fine public garden and park. Darmstadt is the seat of government for the grand iluchy and for the pi-ovince. and of the provincial court of ap- peal. The town's aflfairs are administered by a municipal council of 42, and an executive board of 3 members. It owns its water-supply, and operates gas-works and an electric-light plant. Its educational institutions include two gym- nasia, a high school, technical schodl. the jfu- nieipal Victoria School, and several elementary schools. .Among its charitable institutions are