Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/868

* DAMASKEENING. 752 DAMEBOW. certain ornamental appearances resembling those on the famous Damascus blades. Atten- tion was first drawn to this brancli of industry by the Crusaders, who brought from Damascus to Europe many articles made of superior steel, such as sword-blades and daggers. These were found to possess not only great ela.sticity, united with considerable hardness, but their surfaces were covered ">vith beautiful designs, formed by a tissue of dark lines on a light ground, or light lines upon a dark ground, and occasionally by tiie inlaying of gold on the steel-blue ground. In genuine Damascus blades the designs run through the substance of the blade, and the watering, or regular, almost symmetrical figur- ing, is not worn off by friction, or even grinding. Imitations of the watering of Damascus steel are produced on common steel by etching with acids: and in this way landscapes, inscriptions. and ornaments and decorations in general, are imprinted on the steel-blue ground. Gold and silver are also inlaid in the higher class of sword- blades and other articles. Gun-barrels are oc- casionally subjected to the process of damas- keening. DAMASTES, da-mas'tez (Lat., from Gk. Aa- pa(7T7)s, Dainastes), of Sigeum. A Greek his- torian, a contemporary of Herodotus. Accord- ing to Suidas, lie wrote a History of Greece, a work on the Ancestors of Those Who Warred Against Troy ; and a Catalogue of Nations and Towns. Strabo charges him with ignorance and credulity. The few extant fragments of his works are collected in jNIiiller's Fragmenta His- toricoriiin (Ira-conini (Paris, 1868-83). DAM'ASTJS. The name of two popes. Dam- Asus I. (Pope 300-84). A Spaniard by extrac- tion and the son of a priest, he was born in Rome about 305. In 355 he was made aivhdea- con. On his consecration to the episcopal office he was opposed by Ursicinus. who was the choice of a considerable faction, but finally acknowl- edged by all. His reign was far fiom peaceful. ]t was spent in subduing the still nimierous Arians in the West, in combating the heresy of Apollinaris, which he caused to be condemned at the Council of Constantinople in 381, and in defending the cause of Paulinus against Meletius. He was a great friend of Saint Je- rome, and was primarily instrumental in induc- ing liim to undertake his translation of the Bible. His works are in iSIigne. Patr. Lat., xiii. For his life, consult: Radc. Damasus, Bischof ron Rom (Freiburg, 1882) : Wittig, in Romische Qnartalschrift fiir ehristliche Altcrthnmslcnnde mid fiir Kirchrngeschichte, 14th suppl. Heft (Freiburg, 1902).' DAitASUS II. (Pope, 1047- 48). He was a Bavarian bj' birth, and Bishop of Brixen, in Tyrol, when he was chosen Pope on the nomination of Emperor Henry III. He lived only twenty-three days after his solemn enthroni- zation. DAMAYANTI, dii'ma-yan'te. The heroine of the Xalopakhyanam, or story of Xalay, in the Indian epic the Muhabharata. DAMBACH, diimljaG, Otto (1831.-99). A German jurist, born at Querfurt. In 1862 he was appointed justiciary of the General (now Imperial) Post-OtHce. Berlin. The laws on copyright in its various bearings, as well as the postal laws of the Empire, were devised chiefly by him. In 1873 he was appointed professor extraordinary of law in the University of Ber- lin. His numerous writings include the following: Fiinfzig Gutachten iiber Xuchdrucli; uud Xachbildung (Leipzig, 1891); Das Tele- grafen-Strafrecht (2d ed.. ib., 1897) ; Das Gesetz iiber das Postivesen des Deutschen Reiclis er- Uiutert (6th ed., ib., 1900). •DAMBUL, dam-bool'. A vast rock-temple of the Buddhists in Ceylon, about 40 miles north of Kandy, containing, among a profusion of carvings, figures of Buddha of extraordinary magnitude. DAME (OP., Fr. dame, from Lat. domina, lady, fem. of dominus, master, Skt. damana, conquering, Lat. domare, Gk. Sa/iax, daman, Skt. dam, to tame; connected with OHG. ra»i, Ger. ^aft;;;, Icel. tamr, AS. toni, Engl. tame). A title of honor which long distinguished high- born ladies from the wives of citizens and of the commonalty in general. In the age of chivalry, it was customary even for a queen to be so called by her chosen knight (the dame of his heart, of his thoughts, etc.). Hence, too, the Virgin mother was called in France 'Xotre Dame' ('our Lady'), as the mother of the whole human race. From dame, with the possessive pronoun ma prefixed, arose an ordinary title of honor, answering in modern French to the Eng- lish ';.Mrs.' The daughters of the King of France, as soon as they came into the woi'ld, were called Madame; and this was also the sole title of the wife of the King's eldest brother, who was himself simply known as Mon.sienr. In England the word 'dame,' though not much used, is now ajiplied to married women of all classes. The word 'madam' or 'ma'am' is to- day the informal manner of address used in England for the Queen. A curious local usage at Eton College applies the title dame as well to men as to women in charge of boarding- houses for the boys. DAME AXJX CAMELIAS, damoka'mu'lya'. La (Fr., the lady of the camellias). A novel by the younger Dumas (1848), dramatized in 1852. It has been translated under the title Camille. The heroine is ilarguerite Gautier, a courtesan. DAME BLANCHE, d:im bliixsh. La. A comic opera produced in Paris in 1825, the music being by Boieldieu and the words by Scribe; plaved in England, January 2, 1827, under the title of The White Maid. DAMERON, da'm'-roN', Charles Emile (1848 — ). A French landscape painter. He was born in Paris, and studied there under Pe- louse. His first Salon picture was "The Court of an Inn at Cernay-la-Ville" (1872), and he often afterwards painted scenes in this locality. He was awarded a medal at the Centennial Ex- hibition, Philadelphia, in 1876, for his land- scapes, "The Pyramids" and "The Oaks of Grand ]Moulin." These pictures are more remarkable from the point of view of composition and draw- ing than color, for his tones are dark and his shadows heavy. DAMEROW, dii'me-rft, Heinrich PniLrpp August (1798-1806). A German physician, bom in Stettin. He studied medicine at the LTniver- sity of Berlin, and became professor exti-aor- diiiary there in 1830. The following years of his life, with the exception of a few years dur-