Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/861

* DALMATIA. 745 DALOU. stone and barren of vegetation. Dalmatia has no navigable rivers of importance. There are a number of lakes which dry up in the summer, and considerable tracts are covered with swamps and morasses. Dalmatia has almost a subtropi- cal climate. The summer is exceedingly hot and dry, and snow is rare in winter. The average annual temperature varies between 58° and 62°. Owing to the frequency of political upheavals in Dalmatia, agriculture has been in a backward state. About one-fifth of the total area is in farms, vineyards, and vegetable and fruit gar- dens. The geographical position of the region makes it well adapted to the cultivation of southern fruits. The vine and the olive grow pro- fusely on the coastj and considerable quantities of wine are exported. The famous maraschino cordial comes from Dalmatia, where it is made from a cherry (marasca) peculiar to the country. Fishing is one of the chief occujaations of Dal- matia, employing a considerable portion of the population. Cattle-raising and dairying are also carried on to some extent. The chief mineral prod- ucts are lignite, asphalt, and salt, mined on a small scale. Owing to its extensive coast, Dalma- tia is an important centre of the Austrian sea trade, and has a well-organized merchant marine. Ship-building is prominent among the industries. The most important ports are Zara, Ragusa, and Spalato. Cereals are imported ; oil, fish, meat, and skins are exported. Dalmatia has only about 80 miles of railway lines. Local affairs are under the control of the Diet, consisting of 43 members, of whom 10 are elected bj- citizens paying a direct annual tax of at least 100 florins, 8 by the towns, and 20 by the rural communities, and the remaining 5 consist of the Roman Catholic archbishop, the Greek Orthodox bishop, and three representatives of the chambers of commerce of Zara, Ragusa, and Spalato. To the Lower House of the Aus- trian Reichsrat Dalmatia sends 11 delegates, of whom two are elected by all the qualified voters. Administratively the crownland is divided into 13 counties. Elementarj' instruction is given in nearly 400 schools, Avith an attendance of nearly 40,000. The population in 1900 was 591,597, showing an increase of 12.2 per cent, for the decade. Over* 83 per cent, of the people are Roman Catholics and 16 per cent. Greek Ortho- dox. The Dalmatians, who constitute five-sixths of the population, are tall and short-headed (height, 1.715 ni.: index, 87). They are sup- posed to be fundamentally the modern represen- tatives of the ancient lUyrians, subjected by Au- gustus and modified afterwards by Moeso-Goths, Avars, and Slavs. They are now classed with the Serbo-Croats. These Dalmatian Slavs, espe- cially those in the interior, often figure under the name of Morlaks. Italian is largely spoken in the towns. Capital, Zara (q.v.). In ancient times Dalmatia was inhabited by the warlike race of the Dalmatii, who for near- ly one hundred and. fifty years resisted success- fully the encroachments of the Romans, but who were finally subdued in the time of Augus- tus. Aft^r the fall of the Western Empire. Dal- matia, which had formed the southern part of the Province of Illyricum. was occupied by the Goths, from whom it was taken by the Byzan- tines. Early in the seventh centuiy the Croats and Serbs took possession of the region. About the beginning of the eleventh century King Ladislas of Hungary incorporated a part of Dalmatia with Croatia, while the other part came into the jjossession of the 'enctian Keiiublic, the Doge of which had in 997 assumed the title of Duke of Dalmatia. In the south Ihe little re- public of Ragusa (q.v.) maintained an independ- ent existence. By the Peace of Campo Kormio (1797), Dalmatia, with Venice itself, became subject to Austrian rule; and when Austria, in 1805, retroceded it to Napoleon, it was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. In 1809 it was con- stituted part of the dominion of the lUyrian Provinces. Since 1814 Dalmatia has formed part of the Austrian Empire. In 1816 it was made a kingdom. Political revolts have been frequent. Consult: .Jackson, Dalmatia, the Qiianiero and Istria, etc. (London, 1893) : Die (if:terrcicliisch- ungarischc Monarchie in Wort iind liild. vol. vii. (Vienna, 1892) ; Yriarte, La Dalmazia (Milan, 1878) ; Royle, Dalmatia Illustrata (London, 1900). DALMATIA, Duke op. See Sovlt. DALMATIAN (dal-ma'shan) DOG. See Co.cn-DoG. DALMAT'IC. In ecclesiastical art and in the usage of the Roman Catholic Church, the dis- tinguishing vestment of a deacon. Its name re- calls its origin from the ordinary costume of Dalmatia, which the Emperor Commodus was the first to wear publicly in Rome. Pope Sylvester, in the fourth century, ordered deacons to wear it in the church. It remained, however, for cen- turies a gar!) of men of higli rank; and Christian kings and emperors have often been invested with it to symbolize the quasi-sacred character of their functions. As an ecclesiastical vestment it was originally white, with broad perpendicular stripes of purple: it now follows the color of the day, with the stripes represented in embroidery. It reaches to the knee and has wide sleeves. DALNY, dal'ni. A Russian seaport in Man- churia, on the peninsula of Liao-tung, a short distance north of Port Arthur (Map: China, F 4). The spacious harbor, ice-free throughout the year, is of sufficient depth for the accom- modation of large vessels. The harbor works are on a large scale, and the port is intended to become the centre of Russian trade on the Pacific, especially with Japan and China. Although founded as late as 1899, Dalny has a considerable and rapidly increasing population. DALOU, da'loo', Jules ( 1838-1902 ). A French sculptor, bom in Paris, pupil of Carpeaux and of Duret. For several years he confined his art to objects of industrial art in bronze, before be- ginning to exhibit works on a larger scale in 1862. His statue of a ''Woman Embroidering" (1870) was awarded a prize. Having held some administrative oliice in the Louvre under the Commune in 1871, he was obliged to take refuge in England, where his works met with great favor. Appointed professor in the South Ken- sington Museum about 1878, he returned to France after the amnesty of 1879, and speedily won distinction as one of the most gifted repre- sentatives of the naturalistic tendency in his branch of art. His style, while kindred to that of Carpeaux, is more refined and free from eccen- tricity. His masterpiece is the high relief in marble, "Mirabeau Delivering His Famous Ad- dress in the States-Generfil. 1789," a composition of great dramatic power, which was placed in the