Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/82

* CLYMENIA. 64 CNIDUS. tites by the dorsal position of its siphuncle. The shell of this genus is a llattened sfjiial, the whorls of which are closely coiled so that each whorl clasps the outer half of that next inside it. The suture-lines are simply curved or lolled. In some beds of the European Upper Devonian the shells of this genus are so abundant as to give the name 'Clymenienkalk' to the limestone containing them Consult Foord and Crick, Catalogue of the Fossil Cephalopoda in the Brit- ish Museum of Natural History, part iii., pp. 14- 32 (London, 1897). See also Goniatites; CEriiALOPODA ; Devonian System. CLYMER, kli'mer, George (1739-1813). An American patriot, one of the signers of the Dec- laration of Independence and a prominent mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1787. He was born in Phihulelphia, was orphaned when only one year old, was educated at the College of Philadelphia (now the University of Pennsyl- vania), and became a merchant in his native city. In 1772 he was appointed by Governor Peiin to the position of 'Justice of the Court of General Quarter Sessions of the Peace, and of the County Court of Common Pleas of Philadel- phia.' On the approach of the Revolutionary War, he became an active member of the patriot party, and was chosen successively a member of the Committee of Correspondence (1774) and of the Provincial Congress of Pennsylvania (1775). From July, 1775, to August, 1776, he served as one of the two treasurers of the Continental Con- gress; from October, 1775. to July, 177G, he was a leading member of the Pennsylvania Commit- tee of Safety; and in July, 1776, he was one of the five men who were appointed by the Penn- sylvania Legislature in place of the Pennsyl- vania delegates who had opposed the Declara- tion of Independence, which document he signed on August 2. He was a prominent member of the Constitutional Conventions of Pennsyl- vania in 1776 and 1779; served as captain un- der Cadwalader at the battle of Princeton : was a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly in 1777 and 1778; was reelected to the Continen- tal Congress in March of 1778; was sent to Valley Forge by Congress as a special com- missioner to inquire into the alleged maladmin- istration of the Commissary Department; and in 1778 was one of the special commissioners sent bv Congress to treat with the Indians at Fort Pitt (Pittsburg). In May,. 1780, he co- operated with Robert Morris and others in found- ing the Bank of Pennsylvania to facilitate the furnishing of supplies to the army, and in both 1780 and 1781 he was reelected to the Continen- tal Congress, by which in 1782 he, with Edward Rutledge, was sent as special commissioner to the Southern States, to secure the payment of funds due to the national treasury. From 1782 to 1785 he lived at Princeton, N. J., but re- turned to Philadelphia in the latter year and from then until 1789 was an influential member of the Pennsylvania Assembly. He took a prom- inent part in the Constitutional Convention of 1787; was a member of Congress from 1789 to 1791: was appointed by Washington in 1789 Su- pervisor of the Internal Revenue for Pennsyl- vania, in which capacity he was charged with the collection of the tax on spirits which brought on the Whisky Insurrection (q.v.) ; and in 1796 was one of the special commissioners appointed bv Washington to treat with the Creeks and Cherokees in Georgia. Subsequently, though tak- ing no further part in public life, he took an active interest in public enterprises of various kinds, devoted nuich of his time to reading and study, and was president of the Phihidelphia Bank and of the Academy of Fine Arts. He Mas one of the foremost leaders during the Revo- lutionarj' period, and had a wide reputation for ability, learning, and patriotism. Consult Dick- enson, in the ilaga::ine of American History, vol. V. (New York, 1880). CLYSTER, klis'ter (Lat., from Gk. kXuctt^p, klystCr, a syringe, from (cXi/feix, klyzein, to purify). An old term for a medicine adminis- tered in the liquid form by the rectum, or lower end of the intestines. See Enema. CLYTEMNES'TRA (Lat., from Gk. KXi;- Taiiivriar pa, Klytaimiustra) . In Greek legend, the daughter of King Tyndareus and Leda, and the twin sister of Helene. She became the wife of Agamenuion ( q.v. ), and bore him a son, Ores- tes, and three daughters, Iphigenia, Electra, and Chrysothemis. During the absence of Agamem- non on his expedition to Troy she formed an adulterous connection with .-Egisthus (q.v.).nuir- dered her husband on his return, and reigned for seven years with .Egisthus, till she was murdered by her own son, Orestes. CLYTIE, kltsh'I-e (Lat., from Gk. KXvtIj, Klytie). A Greek maiden beloved by Helois ( the sun ) . When he deserted her for Leucothea, she betrayed the latter to her father, who put her to death. As her lover did not return, she gazed after him, until in pity the gods changed her to a flower, called by the Greeks rfKioTphwinv, heliolropioii, of the same family as our helio- trope. The so-called Clytie of the British Mu- semi is only the portrait of a Roman maiden, CNIDUS, ni'dus, or Gnidos (Lat,, from Gk. Kvldos, Knidos). An ancient city on the western extremity of the promontory of Triopion (now CapeKrio),in Caria, Asia Minor, founded as a colony from the east coast of the Peloponnesus, hence said to be both Laconian and Argolic, and one of the six cities of the Dorian League. Cnidus (according to Strabo) had two ports, one of which was a closed harbor for war ves- sels. The original settlement was on an island, but the city later spread to the mainland, and a mole was built to unite the two parts. The southern port was formed by two moles car- ried into the sea to the depth of nearly 100 feet, one of w-hich is nearly perfect at the present day. The city was famous for its worship of Aphrodite, and in one of its tem- ples was the famous nude statue of the god- dess by Praxiteles. The Cnidians valued this work so highly that they are said to have refused the ofi'er of Nicomedes of Bithvnia to pay their large public debt in exchange for this statue. Off Cnidus. the Athenian admiral Conon defeated the Spartan fleet in B.C. 394, and thus broke the power of Sparta in Asia ISIinor. The site is still covered w'ith ruins, and in 1857-58 Sir Charles T, Newton excavated the sacred precinct of De- meter, discovering the fine seated statue of the goddess now in the British Museum, Consult: Newton, Discoveries at Halicariiassus. Cnidus, and Branchidw (London, 1862-63), and Travels and Discoveries in the Levant (London, 1865),