Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/819

* CYNODON. 709 der-grass and best pasture-grass of India, wlicre it is the principal covering of many thousands of square miles, and is known by the names of Dhob, Doorba, etc. It is also common in the south of Europe, It is introduced throughout the warmer parts of the world. Its creeping roots have medicinal virtues, and ai-e sometimes ised as a substitute for sarsaparilla. See Bkrmuua (r..ss. CYNOGNATHXXS, si-nog'na-thils (Neo-Lat,, from Gk, Kiuv, ktjOn, dog + }vddo(, gnathos, jaw). A large theriodont reptile found fossil in the Karoo formation, of Permo-Jurassic age, of South Africa, The skull, which has a length of Ifl inches, is, in respect to its form and den- tition, remarkably like that of the carnivorous mannnals, and recalls that of a wolf. Tlie verte- bra-, which are 20 in number, are amphieoelous, and the ribs have double articulations. It is perhaps one of the reptiles which have given rise to some of the early mammals. See TiiERlo- DOXTI.. CYNOSARGES (Lat. from Ok. KvvSaapyef, kynosargcs, from Kiiur, kgon, dog -- dp-)6c, argos, white). A place on the outskirts of ancient Athens, near the ])resent site of the American .and British schools of archaeology on Mount Lyea- bettus. It contained a number of temples and a gymnasium consecrated to Heracles, at which strangers with but one Athenian parent were obliged to exercise, recalling the semi-mortal parentage of Heracles. The philosopher Antis- thenes is said to have taught here, and thence his school probably derived the name 'Cynic.' CYNOSCEPHAL.iE, sln'os-sef'a-Ie (Lat.,from Gk. Krvos Ke-sh(5or (Lat. Ci/nosiira, Gk. KvuSirovpa, Kiinosoura, constella- tion of Ursa Minor, from kvi'6s, kynos, gen. sing, of laiav, h-;/On, dog + ovpd, ovra, tail). The constellation nf which the pole star is the prin- cipal star. Milton's lines in "L'Allegro" — Where perhaps some beant.v lies. The cynosure of neighboring eyes — have made the word popular; the metaphor is grounded on Ursa Hinnr being the constellation toward which the others look, as it were, and roimd which they wheel. CYN'OSU'RUS. See Doo's-taii. Grass. CYN'THIA (I>at.. from Gr. -Kwdla.. Ki/nthia). A surname of the moon-goddess Diana, from her birthplace. Mount Cynthus, on the island of Delos; and hence a poetic term for the moon. Queen Elizabeth is refei'red to luider this name in Spenser's Colin Clout's Come Borne Again, in Fletcher's Purple Island and in Raleigh's poem "Cynthia." CYNTHIA MOTH. See Ailanthus Moth. CYNTHIANA, sin'tlil-a'na. A city and county-seat of Harrison County, Ky.. 33 miles north by east of Lexington : on the South Lick- ing River and on the Louisville and Nasliville Railroad (Map: Kentucky. G 2). It is the cen- CYPERUS. Ire of a fertile agricultural region and is widely known for its manufactures of « li:sky. The gov- ernment is administered luidcr a charter of 1893, which provides for a mayor, elected every four years, aiul a municipal council, 'I'he city owns and operates tlie water-works. Population, in 1S90, 301(>; in 1900, ;!2.^)7. On .lune 11, 18(i4, (icn. .John Morgan, with 1800 men, captured Cynthiana, and. later in the day, defeated 500 Union cavalry tmder (Jeneral Hobson; but on thi> 12th he was in turn defeated by (general Burbridge with a force of about .'5400, the Union army losing, in killed, wounded, and missing, 414 men, the Confederates aboit one-third of their number. CYN'THIA'S REVELS. A comical satire by Ben -Jonson, first acted in lUOO. CYN'THIUS (Lat., from Gk. KvpSios, Kyn- thios). A surname of the s>in god, Apollo, from his birthplace, ilount Cynthus, in Delos. CYPERACE.ffi, sip'C-ra'se-e or si'pe- (Neo- Lat. nom. pi., from Lat, cyperos, ryperum, Gk, Kvreipoi', Lypeiros, sedge), sometimes popularly called sedges. An order of monocot^'ledonous plants, akin to grasses, but having generally a triangular, solid stem, wdiich is without joints, or almost so, and often leafless. The species are mostly perennial, growing from symj)odial rhi- zomes. The leaves are sometimes sheathing, when thej' are 3-ranked, but their sheaths are always entire, not split, as in the grasses. The flowers, which are hermajdirodite in some and unisexual in others, consist of a scale-like glume within which lie the organs of fructification, the pistils alone being frequently inclosed in a sepa- rate urn-shaped covering; the place of the peri- anth is sometimes supplied by a few bristles. The stamens are one to three in number, the anthers erect ; the ovary is one-seeded, the style single, trifid or bifid; the fruit a small crus- taceous or bony nut or acliene, not adhering to the pericarp. Plants of this order, which eon- tains fully GO genera and 2.500 known species, occur in all zones; some of the genera, as Carex, abound in the colder, some, as Cyperus (q.v,), in the warmer parts of the world. Many of them are plants of very humble growth, some, as bulrushes, papyrus, etc., comparatively large,. but none rival in size the gigantic grasses, e.g. bamboos. Most of them grow in marshy and moist places, but a few in sunny, dry places. Their stems and leaves are somewhat deficient in succttlence, and in most of them also very rough, so that they are eaten by donu'sticatcd cattle only when in a very j'oung state, and then rather from necessity than from choice. They are re- garded by farmers as mere weeds. Much of the so-called "'marsh hay' is composed of various spe- cies of this order. Pax divides the order into two groups, Scirpoide.Te, with S<-irpus. Cyjierus, Eriophoruni, Eleoeharis, and Fimbristylis as the principal genera: and Caricoidea", the chief genera of which are Carex, Schcenus, and Rhyn- cospora. .'Vside from the references given above, the members of this order are of little economic importance. See C'Yi'ERfS; SciBPUS; BuLRlsil; Cottox-Grasr : Papyrus, CYPE'RTTS (Xeo-Lat,, from Lat, cyperos. cy- perum. (k. K^Trdpot. k'liiriros. sedge). A genus of plants of the natural order Cvperacp:r which contains a great number of species, chiefly tropi- cal, and gnuluallv decreasing in number toward