Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/818

* CYLLENE. 708 CYNODON. the fabled birthplace of Heiines. Its modern name is Ziria. Height, 7790 feet. CY'LON (c.eCO-c.OlO B.C.). An Athenian noble, wlio sought to malce himself tyrant of Athens. He was victor at Olymjjia (u.c. 640), was son-in-law of Theagenes of ilegara, and, probably in 030 (010 or 612), with the protec- tion of the Delpliic Oracle, and with outside help from Megara and a disaffected party in Athens, he seized the Acropolis of Athens. He was block- aded there by Megaeles. an Alcma;onid, archon for the year, and surrendered on being promised his life, but was killed with his followers. The immediate result was war with Jlegara; the more lasting effect was the blood-guiltiness of the AlemiEonidae, under cover of which they were so often attacked. CY'MA (Lat. cj/ma, hollow sphere, from Gk. Kvfia, 1,1/ma, swelling, from nveiv, kyein, to swell). In architecture, a molding, consisting of a hollow and round conjoined, eacli one about a quarter round. When hollowed in the upper part, it is termed eyma recta ; when hollowed in the lower part, it is called cyma reversa. It is bounded usually bj' a fillet, and corresponds prac- tically to the modern ogee molding. CYMATITTM, si-ma'shi-um. See Entabl.- TURE. CYMBALS (OF. cimbale, Fr. cymbale, Lat. cynibalum, (4k. Kvfi^aXov, ki/nibalon, from k{S/x^os, kymhos, cup. Skt. kumhha, pot, Ger. Humpe, drinking-cup) . Instrinnents of percussion in the form of round plates, with leather holders. When struck one against the other, they produce a loud, harsh sound of no fixed pitch. The best cymbals are those made in Turkej' and China. Attempts to discover and imitate the composi- tion of the metal have all failed. The notes in music for this instrument are written on the same line or space, in rhythmical succession. Although originall}' military instruments, cym- bals are now much used in the orchestra. CYMBELINE, sim'bj-lin or -lln. or CuNO- BEi.lNi.s. A king of the Britons, who lived in the earlier part of the first century of our era. His capital was Colchester. In a.d. 40 Cymbe- line banished his son Adminius, who made his submission to Caligula. The Emperor considered Britain a part of the Roman Empire, but no attempt was made to subdue the island till after the death of Cymbeline. In 43 Aulus Plautius was sent to Britain by Claudius, but was o2jposed by Togodumnus and Caractacus, the sons of Cymbeline, VS'e have no other authentic in- formation of Cymbeline except what may be derived from the few coins extant. The story of Cymbeline which Sliakespeare used in the drama is found in Holinshed's Chronicle and is in large measure mythical. Consult Boswell- Stone, Shakespeare's Holinshed (London, 1896). CYME, sun {Gk. Kifm, kyrna, swelling). A flat-topped flowcr-clustei', in which the pedicels arise at different levels upon an elongated axis, and the innermost flowers bloom first. See In- florescence. CYMRY or KYMRY, klm'ri. See Wales, paragraph Eistory. CYNANCHE, st-nan'ke (Gk. Kvv&yxv, kt/nan- ohe, dog-quins-y, from kijoiv, kyon, dog -|- i57xf"', anchein. tn press tight 1. An obsolete medical term applied to the severer forms of sore tliroat. CYNANCHXJM, sl-nan'kiim. Several drugs, including the knotty, acrid emetic roots of Cynan- chum vincetoxicum, a once reputed counter- poison ; the nausea-producing leaves of Cynan- chum oleipfolium, an adulterant of Alexandria senna; and Cynancluim monspeliacum, formerly considered as the source of Montpellier scam- mon.y. See Asclepi.^dace.e. CYNEWULF, kin'e-wi.ilf, or CYNWTJLE, kin'wiilf (AS., king-wolf) (c.7oO-c.825) . A writer of some of the best Old English or Anglo- Saxon verse: Juliana, the story of the martyr- dom of Saint Juliana; Elene, a legend of the dis- covery of the true cross by the Empress Helena; Christ, celebrating the coming of Christ, His ascension, and the day of judgment; the Fates of the Apostles; Aiidreas, or the Legend of Saint AndrciD, and probably several other extant Old English poems. There is, however, no good reason for assigning to him (as is sometimes done) the riddles in the Exeter Book. About the poet nothing is positively knouii bej'ond what he himself has chosen to tell in his verse. In the first four poems cited above, lie wove his name in runes. In the epilogue to Elene, he gave a brief sketch of himself, in which he speaks of liis sinful youth, his conversion, his old age, and his refiection on poetic themes during the watches of the night. Cook has shown that Cynewulf's life must have been bounded very nearly b^' the years 750 and 825. It is further agreed, very generally, that the poet was an Anglian by birth ; but it is uncertain whether his home was in Mereia, East Anglia, or North- umbria. Consult: Grein, Bibliothck der angel- siichsisehen Poesie, revised by Wiilker (Got- lingen, 1883-08) : the editions of Christ by Gollancz (London, 1892) ; and bv Cook (Boston, 1900) : and Root, "The Legend of Saint Andrew," in y'tih- Studies in English (New York, 1899). CYNICS (Lat. cpnicns, Gk. kvpikSs, kynikos, dog-like, cynic, from Kijai>, ki/rlii. dog). The name applied to a school of philosophers founded liy Antisthenes, a pupil of Socrates. The main tenet of the extreme Cjnics was that civilization is a curse, and true happiness can be obtained only by gratifying the most primary physical appetites which man has in common with the bi'utes. The general attitude of the Cynics, as distinguished from that of the Stoics, lay in the fact that while the Stoics regarded everything in the external material world with indifference, the Cynics viewed it with contempt. They were not an im- portant philosophical school numerically, but attracted attention largely by their eccentricities and insolence. On account of their contempt for refinement, their name came subsequently to be applied to any one who takes a mean view of human life. The word cynic is probably derived from the Cynosarges gymnasium where Antis- thenes taught. See Antisthenes; Diogenes; jrExipprs. , CYNODON, si'no-don (Neo-Lat., from Gk. Kin'6'^wr, ktniodon, or Kvv6Snvi, kynodotis. dog- tooth, from Kiuv, kyon, dog + i5(fot!f, odoiis, tooth). A genus of grasses, having digitate or racemose spikes, with spikelets on one side, glumes nearly equal, boat-shaped, and containing one floret, which has two awnless palciP, the fruit coated with the hardened pale.-e. The most important species is Cynodon dnctylon. a grass very widely diffused, which is the principal fod-