Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/816

* CYCLOPEAN ABCHITECTTTEE. 706 CYCLTJS. of Cyclopean architecture in Greece and Italy, consult: Middleton, Grecian liemains in Italy (London, 1812), a rare work; Bod- well, Views and Descriptions of Cyclopean or I'elasyic Remains in Greece and Italy {Lon- don, 1834) ; and, tor a more general discussion, Petit-Eadel, Kecherches sur les monuments cyclo- picns (Paris, 1841). CYCLOPES, sl-klo'pez (Lat., from Gk. ni^Xu- ires, kyklOpcs, round-eyed, from /tiiicXos. kyklos, circle + (S^, dps, eye ). In Greek mythology, a race of one-eyed monsters, described as fol- lows : ( 1 ) Homeric Cj'clopes, a wild, law- less, gigantic race of shepherds, inhabiting an island in the western sea. The most famous of these Cyclopes is the son of Po- seidon, Polyphemus ( q.v ). Homer describes him as one-eyed, and later poets attributed this characteristic to his companions. ( 2 ) The Hesi- odie Cj'clopes, Brontes, Stereopes, and Arges( that is. Thunder, Lightning, and Thunderbolt), each having one eye in the middle of his forehead. These were the sons of Uranus and Gtea. Hurled into Tartarus by their father, but delivered by their mother, they helped Cronus to usurp the government of heaven. Cronus, however, in his turn, threw them back into Tartarus, from which they were again released by Zeus, whose servants they now became. Finally, they were slain by Apollo, because they forged the thunder- bolt with which Zeus killed Asclepius. The Alexandrian and Roman poets represented them as the companions and assistants of Heph,Tstus at his forge, which w-as situated in a volcano, as at Lipari or Etna. In this capacity they were frequently represented on works of art. (3) The Cyclopes, a people who had come from Thrace or Lyeia to Argolis, and built the mighty walls of TirjTis, MyceniE, and Argos for King Proteus, See Ctclope. Architectuke, CY'CLOPS. A play by Euripides, following the Homeric account of the adventures of Odysseus with the Cyclopes, and remarkable as the only preserved specimen of a satyric drama. It has been translated by Shelley, who omitted a few passages. CY'CLORA'MA (Gk. /ciiaof, kyklos. circle -- ipa/ia, liorama, sight). A painting placed on the walls of a cylindrical room representing a landscape, battlefield, or other subject, with true perspective. The spectator stands in the centre, and the effect is extremely realistic. CYCLO'SIS ( Xeo-Lat., from Gk. KiK/-w<Jir, ky- klosis, a surrounding, from /riJicXof, kyklos, cir- cle). The rotation of the protoplasm within a plant-cell. Only the outermost portions remain quiet. The various inclusions of the protoplasm, such a.s chloroplasts, nucleus, etc., are swept along with it. The mass descends on one side of the coll and ascends on the other. A line of no movement necessarily exists between the portions moving in opposite directions. See Protoplasm. CYCLOS'TOMI (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. /cw.loc, kiiklos. circle -{- ar6fia, stoma, mouth). A class of eel-like marine animals, the lampreys and hags, regarded as the lowest existing verte- brates (excluding Amphioxus). They have eel- like bodies of very ])rimitive construction. "The spinal column is represented merely by a thick, persistent notochord, inclosed in a sheath, with, in the lampreys, small cartilaginous processes representing neural and haemal arches. The skull is cartilaginous, and is peculiarly moditied. 'Be- hind it in the lamprey is a remarkable basket- like apparatus, composed of cartilaginous pro- ces.ses. This branchial basket, as it is termed, supports the gill-sacs. The gill-sacs, of which there are either six or seven pairs, are the organs of respiration and represent the gills of the true fishes." They are, however, very differently ar- ranged, opening externally in some forms by several gill-slits, and in others by only one, and communicating internally with the pharrax in diverse waj-s. Other organs do not differ so widely from those of the true fishes, the most remarkable fact being that there is only one nasal sac and nostril, instead of a pair, Tlie round mouth, without jaws, suggests that of leeches. The C.vclostomi, which by some ichthyologists are regarded as an order (Marsipobranehii) of fishes, are bottom-keeping, voracious, slimy creatures, occasionally truly parasitic, and are traceable back to Paleozoic times. Fossil FoKM.s. Minute teeth (conodonts), found in Paleozoic rocks, have been by some authors con- sidered to be teeth of cyclostomid fishes, but they are more probably the teeth of carnivorous anne- lids like the modern Xereidie. In the Caithness flagstones of the Old Red Sandstone of Devonian age, near Thurso in Scotland, are found numbers of a small, eel-like fossil, which has, with nuich ])robability of correctness, been referred to the cyclostjDmes. These small fossils, 1-mown as Palse- ospondylus, vary in length from one to two inches, and consist of an oblong skull, made of bony plates, armed anteriorly with small calci- fied cirri, and provided jjosteriorly with two long prolongations that parallel the vertebral coliunn. From between these prolongations pi'ojects the long vertebral column, made up of distinct calci- fied elements, with neural spines in the abdom- inal region, and both neural and hremal spines in the caudal region. A long, diphycercal tail-fin with very slender rays, of which those of the neural series are bifurcated, must have formed a powerful swimming organ for this small fish. Tliis fossil, if it be a true cyclostome, differs from all others of the group in having a calcified skeleton. Consult : Dean, "The Devonian Lam- pre}-, PaliEospoudylus Gunni, Traquair, with Notes on the Systematic Arrangement of the Fish-like Vertebrates," Memoirs of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. ii., part i. (New York, ISO!)). This work includes a complete bibliog- raphy of fossil eyclostomes. See Coxodont; H.G-Fisii; Lampkey; and plate of Lampreys AXD Dogfish. CY'CLO-SYM'METRY. See Symmetry. CYCLTJS (Lat., circle). A curious fossil crustacean found in the coal-measures of North .-Vmerica and Europe. It is of a circular, convex form, with usually a low median ridge on its dorsum, and its surface is either smooth, radi- ally striated, or nodular. A pair of small sessile compound eyes, like those of the horseshoe crab, have been found near the anterior lateral margin of some American examples. These fossils are perhaps the larval stages of other crustaceans, like Belinurus, Euproops, Prestwichia, or Eu- rypterus, of which adult specimens are often found in the same beds with Cyclus. Consult: Woodward, "On the Genus Cyclus." Geological Mac/a:iHe, vol. viii. (1870), and ser. 4, vol. i.