Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/814

* CYCLICAIi FORMS. 704 CYCLOID. are always in the same key, which is considered the fuudamental key of the whole work. If the first movenitnt is in minor, the last is generally in the parallel major. CYCLIC ANAP^ST. See Versification. CYCLIC .CHORUS ( Ok. KVKm6t xopif, ky- klilcos ckoros). The chorus of fifty men or boys which danced in a circle around the altar of Diony>ius. during the dithyramb. See Chorus. CYCLIC DACTYL. See Vebsificatiox. CYCLIC POETS (Gk. kvkAikoi iroiijrai, kykli- hoi poictai). The name was given by the later Greek gi-ammarians to a class of minor epic poets, who wrote on subjects dealing with events preceding, as well as during and following, the Trojan War, and also on the Theban Myths, each poet limiting himself to a certain cycle (Ki/i-los) of events. The following titles are known to us: Theogony, Titanomachy, Cypria, Jjittle Iliad. Destruction of Troy, The Return, Telcgony, (Edi- podcci, Tlicba'is, Epigoni, and JElhiopis. The scanty fragments with testimonia are best pub- lished by Kinkel, Epicorum Grcecorum Frag- mcnta (Leipzig, 1877) ; also as an appendix to Welcker's Der epische Cyclus (Bonn, 1835-49). Horace, Ars Poeiica, 136, uses cyclicus scriptor in a derogatory sense, but there is no evidence that this was a common connotation. CY'CLING (from cycle). The use or act of riding the cycle, either bicycle or tricycle. Al- though now a common utility of every-day busi- ness life, as well as a means of recreation, it had its origin at the beginning of the latter half of the nineteenth century in what was then an improved velocipede, and was only used for sport or recreation. (See Bicycle.) The prog- ress of cycling as a means of recreation lias been very rapid, its greatest general popidarity occurring between 18'JO and 1900. At the begin- ning of the twentieth century it apparently has taken its real position as a permanent means of enjoyment and recreation, and an added means of locomotion for either business or pleasure. Apart from the many physical advantages de- rived from the practice of cycling as an exercise, it has been of inestimable benefit to the com- munity at large, in that it has given to all a capacity of locomotion, which formerly none but those of ample means and leisure could enjoy; and, as a natural consequence, has developed a general interest in the many 'good roads' move- ments through the United States and England. IMany long-distance tours have been accomplislied by its means, notably that of Thomas Stevens, who, between April, 1884. and December, 1886, rode round the world; and Lcnz, who (189204) rode a wheel carrying all his necessaries, as well as a camera, across America, Samoa, Japan, through China, Burma, India, Beloochistan, Persia, and Armenia. Jioad racing has always been a popular sport, and in the early nineties had attained such proportions that nearly every city and town throughout England and America had its annual road-racing fixtures. This phase of the sport is not now so general, but the annual road races of Chicago and those of the metropoli- tan district of New York are still events of con- siderable importance in the cycling world. Trade racing is entirely ai-tificial, and confined usually to professional riders racing under un- natural conditions. Long-distance and relay races, such as have been held at Tattersall's, Chi- cago, and Madison Square Garden, New York, while financially profitable to their projectors, v.e been very severel}' eondcumed as of no real value to the sport, and frequently injurious to the riders themselves. Several cj'cling associa- tions e.vist for the benefit of tourists, notably the League of American Wheelmen, which sup- plies maps, and enables machines to be passed into Canada and back into the United States without any other expense or hindrance than the depositing of the L. A. W. membership tickets; and under some circumstances even this is not necessary. Similar advantages are obtained for tourists in Europe by the Cyclists' Touring Club of England, founded in 1873 with headquarters in London S.W. With this latter organization is allied the Touring Club of France, and the Deutsehes Radfahrerbimd. The military organi- zations of all the Eui'opean countries include corps of specially equipped and drilled cyclists, whose principal duties are the; transmission of orders and the securing of information; for which purposes their speed, their noiselessness, and the comjiaratively good roads which prevail have made them conspicuously useful. See Ahmy Orgaxizatiox ; Tactics, JIilitaby. CY'CLOID (Gk. KvKXouS-qs, kyldoeidcs, circle- like, from kckXcs, kyklo.^, circle + ciSos, eldos, form). A plane curve, the locus of a point on the circumference of a circle which rolls along a straight line. If, in Fig. 1, circle O rolls on the line AiA,, the point P traces the arc of the cycloid AiPA;. If the generating point is taken Fio. 1. at Q, within the circle, the resulting curve is B,QB,, called a prolate cycloid. If the generat- ing point is taken at R. in the plane of the circle, the resulting curve is CiEC-, a curtate cycloid or Fig. 2. trochoid. If the generating circle rolls on a fixed circle, instead of a straight line, cui-ves like those in Fig. 2 are produced (see Cardioid). The curve formed by rolling the generating circle