Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/805

* CUTTYHUNK. 697 CUVIER. En{,'laiKl, the rest to remain there for ])oi)ii- latioii," made hind ofl' the coast of Maine on May 14. Coasting soutliwesterly lie discovered anil named Cape Cod, and, coming "amongst many fair islands, all lying -nitliin a league or two, one of another, and the outermost not above 5 or 7 leagues from the main," landed on Cuttvhunk on the 25th of JIay. This they called Eiizabcth's Isle, after the Queen, and here they built a fort. On account of disagreements, the settlement was abandoned on Jime IS, and the colonists returned to England. Cuttvhunk, whose name is con- tracted from the Indian Toocutohhunkounoh, which may mean 'place of departure,' later became the home of many pilots, when New Bedford had 400 whaling ships. The winter population is .50, and in summer, in the club-houses and hotels, several hundred. The United States Life-Saving Station was established in ISSO. and the house of the Massachusetts Humane Society in 1S47. Consult A'cif Enr/land Maynzine {Boston, 1897). CtTTTY STOOL (Scotch cuttie, short, hussy, dim. of cnt + stool). A seat once used in the Scottish Church for the exposure of offenders against chastity. The sinner was required to sit on the stool before the whole congregation during the entire service, and, at its close, to stand up while severely teprin>anded by the minister. CXJTWOBM. The terrestrial caterpillar of certain noctuid moths, mainly of the genus Agrotis, which winter and pupate in the ground and are ready to attack early vegetation. Cut- worms are night mowers, and cut the plants off at the level of the ground, destroying far more than they can eat. They attack wheat, Indian corn, oats, and all the cereals, as well as garden vegetables. By day they hide under the surface of the soil, where each patch of withering vegeta- tion marks their hiding-places. In vegetable beds these spots should be dug over, 'and the up- turned worms killed : holes made with a hoe or rake handle furnish favorite hiding-places by day, and thus serve as traps to catch many a worm. Some kinds of cutworms ascend trees by night and cut off tender leaves and buds, descending and hiding in the early morning. A widely distrib- iited example is Agrotis saucia, a pest of orchards in both Europe and America. CUVIER, ku'vya', FR^Dfimc (177.'5-1838). A French naturalist, bom at Montbeliard. He was professor of zoiilogy in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, and keeper of the collection in comparative anatomy at that institution. His published works include: Sur ks dents des mammifrrcs comme caracteres zoologiques (1825); and His- ioire natiirelle des nuimmifrrcs (jointly with Geoffroy de Saint-Hilaire. 1819-29). He was a brother of the celebrated Baron Georges Lfiopold de Cuvier. CUVIER, Georges Leopold CnRlSTiErr Fr£- d£ric Dagoeert, Baron de ( 17G9-1S.32). A French naturalist, founder of the science of comparative anatomy, born at Montbeliard, then in the Duchy of Wiirttemberg, to which place his father, for- merly an officer in a Swiss mercenary regiment, had retired on a pension. He was educated at home in the strictest tenets of the French Protes- tant or Calvinistic faith, and at the age of four- teen entered the academy at Stuttgart, where he remained four years. His father intended him for the ministry, but he showed such a love for natu- ral history that he was allowed to spend his time in imrsiiing such studies in that branch of sci- ence as the academy afforded, and siip|ilemenled them with reading almost every scientilic book in the library. In 1788. he became tutor in the family of the Comte d'Hericy, a Protestant nolilenia'u living near Caen, on' the coast of Xormandy. Here, during the stormy years of the Keign of Terror, he remained, ijuietly utilizing the rather unusual facilities the neigliliorhood offered for the study of marine animal life and fossil re- mains, thus laying the foundations of his future eminence. A chance acquaintance with the Abb6 Tessier, a writer on agricultural subjects, who was struck with young Cuvicr's remarkable knowledge of zoology, secured for him an intro- duction to Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. who at once recognized in Cuvier a man of genius, and urged him to move to Paris. Here, in 179.5. he becanu>, through the inlluenco of Laccpfde, Lamarck, and others, assistant to Jlertrud, the professor of comparative anatomy at the ilusce d'Histoire Xaturelle. He immediately look a high position among the scientists in Paris, and was chosen one of the original members of the Institute upon its organization in 1795. In 179U he was chosen professor of natural history at the central school of the Pantheon, and in 1800 he succeeded Daubenton in a similar posi- tion at the College de France. In 1802 he suc- ceeded Mertrud at the Jardin des Plantes. In 1798 appeared his first separate work, Tableau elementaire de I'histoirc natiirelle des animnttx^ in which he introduced tentatively his classilica- tion of animals u]ion which so nuich of his fame- rests. Between 1800 and 1805 were published the five volumes of his /.Cfoiis d'anatomie. which brought together the hitherto disconnected knowl- edge of comparative anatomy, and gave him the right to be considered the founder of that l)ranch of science. In 1800 he published his first work on paleontology, Memoires siir les esprces d'He- phants luvants et fossiles. At the opening of the nineteenth century, therefore. Cuvier may be said to have already attracted the attention of the scientifie world to the three branches with which his name will always be connected. Cuvier began his career as an administrator in 1802, when he was appointed an in>pector of education under the Consulate, and helped e^tah- ish lycies at Mai-seilles, Bordeaux, and Nice. From 1808 to 1813. as a member of the council of the Imperial University under Xa))oleon, he spent considerable time in Italy. Holland, and Germany, organizing the academies in the dis- tricts recently annexed to the Em])ire. In 1814 Xapoleon made him a Councilor of State, a posi- tion which he continued to hold under Louis XVIII. In 1819 he became president of the Committee of the Interior, and chancellor of the University of Paris. He was made a member of the Academy in 1818. and a grand officer of the Legion of Honor in 1820. In 1822 he was ap- ]iointed grand master of the faculties of Protes- tant theology-, in which position he had super- vision of all the civil, political, and religious affairs of Protestant institutions and organiza- tions. In 1831 Ixiuis Philippe uiade him a peer of France, and in IS32, shortly before his death, wa.s considering him for the office of Minister of the Interior. With all his administrative duties, Cuvier still found lime and o])portnnity to pursue his scientific investigations. His life work falls natu-