Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/803

* CUTLERY. 695 CUTTING. the cheaper ones have even less, and the handle, and in some cases the whole knife, are cast in- stead of wrought. The same is likewise true of forks. 'ooden handles are generally in two pieces, united to the tang, but ivory, bone, horn, and various other nuiterials are in one piece, vith the tang inserted. The curved tines of forks are shaped by means of presses, or dies, and the tines are rough-cut in the same general manner. In some instances more or less forging, either by hand or machine, is eniploj'ed. Silver- plated (see Ei.ECTRO-Pi.ATixcO table knives and forks are plated on steel, or on some softer mal- leable metal. Scissors and She.vrs diflfer principally as to length, the dividing line in the trade being six inches, and the shorter instruments being classed as scissors. Some of the cheapest .scissors are cast, but the best ones are hand-forged. English shears are of steel, but some of the best Ameri can shears, which are now largely exported, have their inner sides onh- of steel, 'laid on' to shear blades of malleable iron, often east in outside foundries. Razors, at least those of good quality, are practically all hand-forged from I'azor-steel, in much the same general way as pocket knives, but with greater care, tiafi'tij razors of various types ai-e provided with guards designed to make cutting the flesh impossible. The earliest safety razor is said to have been made by Michael Hunter, of Sheflield. England, about' 187.5. It was merel}' an ordinary razor with a guard. The later safety razors have detachable blades and adjustable guards. The cutting edge is gen- erally shorter than in the ordinary razor, in some cases not much over an inch in length. Consult Landrin, Die Kiiiist des ilcsserschmiedes . . . (Weimar, 1836) ; Page, La couteVrric depuis Voriqhie jiisqu'a nos jours (4 vols., Cha- tellerault, 1896-98). CUTLIPS. A curious sucker (Lagochila lacera) of the streams of the central Mississippi Valley, distinguished at sight by its mouth, where the reduced lower lip is divided into two distinct, elongated lobes; the lower lip, further, is "en- tirely separated from the upper at the angles by a deep fissure," cloaked by the skin of the cheek. It is olive or brown above, silvery on the sides and belly, and the lower fins are faintly oranre. JIany names have been given this singu- lar fish, such as hare-lip. or split-mouth, or rab- bit-mouth, sucker, and ilay sucker. CUTPURSE, Moll. The sobriquet of Mary Frith, u notorious character born in London about 1.584, a thief and prostitute and famous in almost every form of crime. She dressed in male attire and is said to furnish the first recorded instance of the use of tobacco by a woman. CUTTACK, knt-tuk', or KATAK (Skt. Ka- taka). The capital of the district of the same name in Bengal. British Imlia. situated on the southern bank of the ilahanadi. at the apex of its delta, 220 miles southwest of Calcutta (Map: India, E 4). It contains the ruins of an old fort, and it is famous for its fine filigree work in gold and silver. Population, in 1801, 47,186; in 1901. 51.364. CUTTER. The name given to a portion of the equipment of boats on board of a man-of-war. They are double-banked and are fitted either for rowing or sailing. In sailing ships, a nest of cutters of varying sizes used to be stowed amid- ships, one within the other, the launch being the bottom boat of all. At present, the boats are either swung at the davits or in cradles resting on frames amidships, clear of the blast of the guns. A large ship may carry as many as four jiiilling cutters, in addition to one or more sleani launches, and various other boats. (See Ho.T. ) The name cutter is also applied to a small vessel with a single mast, a mainsail, a forestaysail, and a jib set to the bowsprit end. Cutter yachts are slooii-riggt^d vessels, and the luime is now generally applied to sloops of considerable draught and comparatively small beam. A rcviiiue cutler is a light, armed Government vessel, commissioned for the prevention of smug- gling and the enforcement of the customs regula- tions. (See Revexi'e Clttkr Service, United States.) A small, light sleigh with a single seat for one or two persons, usually drawn by one horse, is also called a cutter. CUT'TER, George Washington (1801-65). An American poet. He was born in Massachu- setts, and, after studying law, settled in Ken- tuek}'. He fought with distinction in the Jlexi- can War, and later entered the political arena, where he soon became known as a brilliant public speaker. His most celebrated poems are "'The Song of Steam," "The Song of the Lightning," and "E Pluribus Unum." His works were pub- lished under the respective titles: Buena Vista find Other Poems (1848); 80)117 of >S/eam atid Other Poems (1857); and Poems, Xalional and Patriotic (1857). CUTTHROAT TROUT. The Ro<ky Moim- tain or black-spotted trout {Salmo myldss). See Troi'T. CUTTING. A detached portion of a plant inserted in soil or water for the purpose of prop- agation. This process, one of the oldest forms of artificial reproduction, is also one of the most important. Plants in general lend themselves readily to the process, thus enabling the propa- gator to secure hundreds of ofl'spring from a single individual. Cuttings are superior to seeds, because, with the exception of bud varia- tions, plants so propagated come true to kind. i.e. varieties of cultivated plants which do not come true to sort by seeds can be perpetuated by cut- tings. In its sphere, propagation by cuttings is as important to commercial horticultiire as the art of budding or grafting. While a great major- ity of the cultivated plants are capable of being increased by one form of ciitting or another, it is not economical .so to increase them, and other means are resorted to. Cuttings are made from such a variety of parts of plants — sometimes even from root, stem and leaf of the same plant — that a corresponding number of styles of cut- tings have been developed. In general, cuttings are made from hard wood or soft wood or herba- ceoiis plants.- and are classified accordingly; inider each general head there are a number of subdivisions, depending upon the plant employed or the manner of making the cutting, as: Hani-wood cuttings Soft>-wood (hepbaoeous) cuttings (1) Simple stem, (•->) SIiibIp eye. (3) Ilpi-1. (4) Malk-t. etc. (1) Stem-J'uttings— slips, (2) Leaf-cuttinps. (.1) Root. Footstalk or rblzome, (4) Tubers, etc.