Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/80

* CLUB. 62 CLUSERET. The disease is caused by Plusmodiophora bras- siioe, a fungus of low order, which iimlliplies with great rapidity in tlie cells of the host. This acts as a stimulus, causing the roots to assuuie their strange appearance. The fungus can re- main in the soil for a number of years. On this account, care should be taken to rotate crops, so that no cruciferous plants shall be grown on the infested land for several years. 1e seed-bed is often a source from which the disease is spread, and it should receive atten- tion. The application of lime to contaminated soil, at the rate of 75 bushels per acre, has given promising results. No cure is laiown. CLUB-BUSH. See SciRPUS. CLUGNY. See Cluny. CLUMBER SPABTIEL. See Spaniel; and Plate of TERKIEH.S, Spaniels, etc., under Dog. CLUMSY, Sir Tunbelly. A boorish country squire in Vanbrugh's play The Relapse. He also appears in Sheridan's Trip to Scarborough. CLUNCH. Old Madge's husband in Peek's Old Wires' Tale, Avbo brings home three travelers to form an audience for his loquacious better half. CLU'NIACS, or Co:^gkegatiox of Ch'ky. A branch of the Benedictine Order, founded at Cluny in France about 910, by William, Duke of Aquitaine. He placed at its head Berno, who had made a great reputation by his conduct as abbot of the monasteries of Gigny and Baume. It spread rapidly, and at one time had more than 2000 convents, mainly in Italy and France, all connected with the house at Cluny. In England the first Cluniac house was founded in 1077. At the time of the suppression of the monasteries there were thirty-two liouses. The Congregation in France was dissolved in 1790 by the Constit- ' nent Assembly ; the town of Clunj' purchased the magnificent Abbey Church for 100,000 francs and pulled it down. When, a few years later, the citi- zens invited Napoleon to visit them, he dismissed "them contemptuously, calling them vandals. In Paris the present Hotel de Cluny was begun in the fifteenth century (on the site of the old palace of the early Prankish kings) by the Congregation of Cluny. but is now a rich museum owned by the city of Paris. The Congregation was reformed by Peter the Venerable (q.v. ), and in 1131 Innocent II. dedicated the great church of Cluny, Ahich was one of the wonders of the world. Among the great men whom the Congre- gation has produced are Popes Gregory II., Urban II., and Paschal II. CLUNY, kln'ne', or CLUGNY (Lat. Chinia- cum, prnlinbly connected with Olr. chain, Ir. clon, meadow, Gk. kX^ttos, klepos, moisture, Lith. szldpias, wet). A town in the Department of SaSne-et-Loire, France, 12 miles northwest of Jla- con. It has manufactures of pottery, paper, etc. Population, in 1901, 4108. Its architectural at- tractions include, besides the celebrated abbey, the Church of Notre Dame, dating from the thir- teenth century; the Church of Saint Marcel, with a beautiful Romanesque steeple of the twelfth century: the ruins of Saint Mayeul: portions of the ancient fortifications; and picturesque houses, dating from the twelftli century and later, all classed among the historical monuments of France. Before the erection of Saint Peter's at Rome, the Abbey Church at Cluny, which was be- gun in 1089, was the largest building of its kind in Europe, being 050 feet long by 130 wide. It is now in ruins, having been destroyed by order of the town, to which it was sold after the con- vent was suppiessed by the Constituent Assem- bly in 1790. (See Cluniacs.) A model of it is preserved in the town museum, which was once a part of the abbot's palace. Consult: Bernard, Les charfes de I'ubbai/e de Vluiiy (Paris, 1876- 94) ; Duckett, The Archives of the Ancient Ab- bey of Vltini/ (n.p. 18SG). CLUNY, khi'ne'. Hotel de. A fine Gothic edifice in Paris, built during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries by the abbots of the Benedic- tine Abbey of Cluny, on the site of an ancient Roman palace. In 1515 it was occu])ied by Mary, the widow of Louis XII., and in 1537 James V. of Scotland was married in it. It passed into the hands of the nation after the Revolution, was acquired in 1833 by the anti- quarian Du Sommerard, and in 1842 was pur- chased with its collections by the State. The museum established in it is important for its antiquities, particularly of France. CLUPE'ICiE (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Lat. clupea, small river-fish -|- Gk. elSos, eidos, shape, form). An important family of soft-rayed fishes, including the herring, shad, sardines, alewives. etc. (q.v.). The body is usiially elongated and compressed; the head naked; the body covered with rather large scales, usually easily lost. The lateral line is wanting. There is only one dorsal fin, and the tail is forked. There are about 30 genera and 150 species foimd in all seas, and usu- ally in immense shoals. Many species are anad- romous. while some remain in fie.sh water per- manently. See Fisiiebies and Fish Cdltube. CLUSERET, kli.i'z'-ra', Gustave Paul (1823- 1900). A French soldier and Communist, born in Paris. He was educated at Saint-Cyr, distin- guished himself during the insurrection of 1848 in Paris, served in the Crimean War and in Africa against the Kabyles, and became a cap- tain in 1855. In 1858 he resi,gned his commis- sion, and in 1860. as commander of the French volunteers, joined Garibaldi in the expedition to Sicily and Naples. At the outbreak of the Ameri- can Civil War in 18G1 he came to the United States, entered the Union Army, served on the stafTs of McClellan and Fremont, and became brigadier-general in 1862. Two years later he was editor of The New ?fation in New York, ad- vocating the nomination of Fremont for the Presidency. Returning to Europe, he took part in the Fenian revolt of 18r)7, went back to l'"rance in the same year and wrote for several radical papers, but was condemned for certain publica- tions and compelled to talce refuge in England. On the proclamation of the Republic in Septem- ber, 1870, he took part in the insurrectionary at- tempts at Lyons and IMarseilles, whence he fled to Geneva. In January. 1871. we find him in Paris where, after the establishment of the Comnume, he was appointed delegate of the War Department, ar:d endeavored to improve the military organiza- tion of the Communist troops, but soon gave ofTense to the Central Committee, was accused of treachery, and was imprisoned at Mazas. When the Government troops entered Paris, he escaped to England, thence to Mexico, and finally to Switzerland. In 1872. during his absence, he ■was formallv sentenced to death; he retiirned to France in 1881, two years after the amnesty, and