Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/798

* CUSTOMS DUTIES. 690 CUTANEOUS SENSATIONS. of objects taxed nor the rates of taxation cor- respond to the number of paragraphs. The sta- stistics of imports deal with individual articles or closely allied groups. From the figures for 1901 it ajjpears that 78.3 per cent, of the entire customs revenue of the United States was de- rived from ten articles or groups. The figures are given in the preceding table, which also em- braces the average ad valorem rate of taxation, found by comparing the amount of duty collected with the value of the goods imported. The same concentration of revenue produced upon a few articles of importation is generally observed in other countries. Thus in England in 1901, tobacco and snufl', tea, and spirits produced 00.1 per cent, of the customs revenue, while in the German Empire in 1901, breadstuffs, petro- leum, and cofi'ee produced 55.8 per cent, of the customs revenue. The important role of the customs duties in the fiscal arrangements of mod- ern States is shown in the following statement: sure, impact, movement, resistance, weight, touch ; hardness, roughness, wetness, and their opposites; warmth, lieat, cold; pain, tickling, goose-Hesh, pricking, tingling, creeping. When, however, the organ is explored, point for point, by mechanical, thermal, and electrical stimuli, it proves to be capable of four sensation qualities, and of four only: pressure, warmth, cold, pain. The so-called sensations of contact, weiglit, re- sistance, touch, smoothness, etc., are really pei- ceptions, made up of sensations from the skin and from the underlying tissues. Pricking, tin- gling, etc., are in all probability circulatory sen- sations, aroused by change of blood-flow or blood- supply; their organs and mode of excitation are imperfectly known. We shall return to heat and tickling below; we now take up the cut?,- neous qualities in order. ( 1 ) Pressure. — If a small point of cork or soft wood 1)6 set down firmly upon the skin surface, e.g. on the back of the hand, one of United States... Great Britain... Russia German Empire. France Italy Year 1900-01 1901 1898 1898-99 1898 1900 Denomination Dollars Pounds St. Rubles Marks Francs Lire Total Revenue 699,300.000 114,800,000 1.684,900,000 1.539,000,000 3,613,200.000 1,716,900,000 Customs Revenue Percent, ol Total 238,500,000 26,300,000 218.900,000 475,800,000 505.900,000 243,000,000 34.1 23.0 13.9 30.9 14.0 14.2 Consult: United States Tariff Law of 1897; Annual Reports of Commerce and Navigation; Statistical Abstracts of the United Kingdom and of the principal foreign countries. See Fbee TR.4.DE; Tariff; Tax. CUSTOMS OF WAB. See War; Honors of W.R: .SALUTE.S; L.^WS AND U.SAGES OF WaB. CUS'TOS KOTULO'RUM (Lat., keeper of the rolls, or records ) . An oflice of great an- tiquity and dignity in England. It is usually held by the first civil officer of the county, as the Lord Lieutenant, though the actual custody of the records of the sessions of the peace and of the commission of the peace, constituting by emi- nence "the rolls' of the county, is vested by statute in the clerk of the peace. Formerly the office was filled by appointment of the Lord Chan- cellor, but it has for over three hundred years been conferred by the Crown. The Keeper of the Kolls is always one of the commission of the I)eace, though the title of the office points to ministerial rather than to judicial functions. CUSTOZZA, koostod'za. A village in the Province of Verona. Xorth Italy, situated 16 miles southwest of Verona (Jlap: Italv. E2). On July 25, 1848, and on .Tune 24, 1S6G, the Italians were defeated here by the Austrians. (See Italy, Historv.) In 1879 a monument was erected to the fallen. Population, in 1881, 624. CUSTKIN, ku-strPn'. See KusTniTs CUTANEOUS SENSATIONS (Fr. cutanc, Port.. It. cutrineo, from Lat. cutis, skin). The sensations aroused by stimulation of skin and mucous membrane. The term 'cutaneous' is ap- plied to all these sensations, although one of them, the sensation of pain, is derived not from the cutis proper, but from the epidermis. (See Skin.) The skin has been credited, in one or another psychological system, with a large num- ber of sensations: sensations of contact, pres- two things will happen: either it will arouse a dull, vague, diffuse pressure sensation, or it will arouse a sharp, distinct pressure, the kind of sensation that one might suppose to come from the inward pressure of a little hard .seed lodged in the cutis (Goldscheider). If the point be now applied lightly, we get either no sensation at all, or (at the place where the seed-pressure was before produced) a light, fine, rather ticklish pressure sensation. The seed-pressure and the ticklish pressure come from the organs of the pressure sense, the 'pressure spots,' as they are called. The dull pressure with intensive stimu- lation is set up by the indirect affection of sev- eral pres.sure spots; the stimulus makes an in- dentation in the skin, and the dragging down of the tissue squeezes the pressure organs that lie about the point of application. The absence of sensation with light contact means that the experimenter has applied the stimulus at a point of the skin which has no pressure organ. We see, then, from this simple experiment, that the skin is not uniformly sensitive to pressure; it may rather be compared to a mosaic of tiny blocks, some of which are sensitive, while the rest are insensitive, to mechanical stimulation. A careful exploration of the cutaneous sur- face, undertaken with the object of mapping the pressure spots, has led to two definite results, (a) If the portion of the skin explored is hairy, the pressure spot lies always to windward of a bair-shaft, immediately above a hair-bulb. It follows that the nerve-skein which enfolds the bulb is the terminal organ of pressure, and that the hairs are as truly sense-apparatus in man as they are, e.g. in the cats, (b) If the region is hairless, pressure spots, arranged in lines and groups, can still be identified. ITie organs in this ease are the corpuscles of Meissner. (2) Warmth and Cold.—li the blunt point of an ordinary lead-pencil be drawn slowly over the back of the hand, it will give rise, from time