Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/764

CULLEN. 1827, by whom also a life was commenced, the first volume of which was published in 1832. This biography was continued by his son, and finally completed in a second volume by Dr. Craigie in 1859.

CULLERA, koo-lyā'rā. A fortified town of Spain, in the Province of Valencia, on the Júear River, near its entrance into the Mediterranean, 23 miles south-southeast of Valencia (Map: Spain, E 3). Its streets are irregular but level, and among the noteworthy features are a ruined castle and the chapel of the Virgen de Cullera. Fishing, agriculture, and stock-raising are the principal industries. The city is the centre of a considerable trade in grain, rice, oranges, wine, etc. Cullera was of great military importance under the Moors, by whom it was strongly fortified, and successfully withstood attacks of the Christian armies in 1234 and 1235, though later it was taken bv James I. of Aragon. Population, in 1000, 11,957.

CULLO'DEN, or Drummossie Moor. A Scottish battlefield in Inverness-shire, near the Moray Firth. The place was formerly a desolate tableland, but is now well cultivated. Here on April 16 (new style, 27), 1746, the Duke of Cumberland, with 12,000 royal troops, overwhelmed an army of 5000 Highlanders, under Prince Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, and extinguished the hopes of the House of Stuart of regaining the English crown. A monumental cairn marks the spot where the battle was fiercest, and where many of the slain lie buried. At Culloden House, a mile to the north, the family seat of Duncan Forbes, the valuable historical collection of Culloden Papers, covering the years 1625-1748, was discovered in 1812. They were published in London in 1815. Consult William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, Authentic Account of the Battle of Culloden (London, 1746).

CUL'LOM, Shelby Moore (1829—). An American politician, born in Wayne County, Ky. He was admitted to the bar in 1855, and began the practice of the law at Springfield, Ill. Here he soon became prominent in politics, was several times elected to the Illinois Legislature, and was Speaker of the House in 1861 and again in 1873. He was a member of Congress for three terms after 1865, and was Governor of Illinois from 1870 to 1883. He then entered the United States Senate as a Republican, and was reelected in 1889, 1895, and 1901. He was the author of the Interstate Commerce Law, and for many years was chairman of the Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce. In 1898 he was appointed one of the commissioners to establish (he Government of Hawaii.

CUL'LUM, George Washington (1809-92). An American soldier and writer. He was born in New York, graduated in 1833 at West Point, and was instructor of engineering there from 1848 to 1855. He was made chief engineer of the Department of the Missouri in 1861, superintended engineering works on the Western rivers, and was chief engineer at the siege of Corinth. He was superintendent of the Military Academy from 1864 to 1866, and was brevetted major-general in 1865, He retired from active service in 1874. He published: Systems of Military Bridges (1863); Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy (1868; 3-vol. ed. 1890); Campaigns and Engineers of the War of 1812-15 (1879). On his death he left part of his fortune to be used for the erection of the Memorial Hall at West Point, and for the continuance of his Biographical Register.

CULM. See Kulm.

CULM (ME. culme, colm, soot, smoke, or perhaps connected with Welsh cwlm, knot, the coal being found in knots in some places in Wales, Olr. colmmene, nerve, Bret. koulm, knot). A term used in the United States for the waste coal thrown out in anthracite mining. Owing to its fine size, much difficulty was experienced for some time in using it. At the present day it is either pressed into bricks or burned on special types of grate, often with forced draught. The name has a similar application in parts of Wales, but in some parts of England it is used in a general sense for anthracite. See Anthracite.

CULMANN, kool'man, Karl (1821-81). A German engineer, born at Bergzabern, Bavaria. He studied at the Artillery School of Metz and the Technical School of Karlsruhe, and from 1841 to 1819 was active as an engineer in bridge construction. In 1855 he was appointed professor of engineering in the Polytechnic School of Zurich, of which he was director from 1872 to 1875. He was the originator of the method of graphical statics, by which the strength of structures is investigated through diagrams made to scale. In exposition of this he published Graphische Statik (1864-66). Among his further works is Untersuchnngen über die Schweizer Widbüche von 1858 bis 1863 (1864), translated into Italian and French.

CULMBACH, koolm'bäK, Hans von. See KULMBACH, Hans von.

CULMINATION (from ML. culminare, to culminate, from Lat. culmen, OLat. columen, height, from collis, hill, celsus, high). An astronomical term, signifying the passage of a star across the meridian. The star is then at the highest point (culmen) of its course; hence the name. The sun culminates at midday, or 12 o'clock, apparent solar time — which seldom agrees exactly with mean time as shown by a watch or clock. The full moon culminates at midnight. The time of culmination of a fixed star is always exactly midway between the times of its rising and setting: in the case of the sun, moon, and planets, it is only approximately so.

CUL'PA. At Roman law, culpa sometimes means fault in general, but in the narrower and usual sense it designates carelessness or negligence. When damage has been done -without right and willfully (dolo), the doer is always responsible. When damage is occasioned by a careless act or by failure to act as a careful person would act, the person chargeable with carelessness is not usually responsible unless he be under some special obligation to exercise care {diligentia) . Such an obligation regularly exists only in contractual and quasi-contractual relations : and here the question what degree of carelessness creates liability depends upon the degree of care which the law requires. The standard, in most cases, is the care commonly exercised in similar matters by a good householder (diligentia boni patris familiæ). Exceptionally, in some cases, a person who is habitually some-