Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/736

* CKYSTALLOGBAPHY. 638 CSABDAS. have not distinguished (isomerism). Similarity in chemical composition of substances is apt to be attended with similarity of crystal form, a relationship described as isomorphism (q.v.). Two or more ciystal individuals of the same kind when grown together and partially parallel are kno-n as twin crystals. </7^c TWIX CRYSTALS. A. E, Isometric system : B. Trigonal system ; C, Tetrag- onal system ; D, F, Oi*thorliombie system. Divisions ok Crystallogbaphy. Crystal- lography is treated under the separate divisions of morphological crystallography, which concerns itself with external forms of crj'stals; crystal- logeny or chemical cr.ystallography, which has to do with the genesis or growth of crystals: and physical crystallography, which is concerned with the physical properties of crystals. In- eluded in this latter division of the subject is optical crystallography, the application of which to mineralogical investigation laid the founda- tion for the modern science of petrology (q.v.) or petrography. Consult: Dana, Text-hook of ilineralogy, parts i.-iii (New York, 1898) ; Groth, Phi/sikalischc KrystaUograpliie (Leipzig, 1805) : Hoses and Parsons. Elements of Mineralogy, CrystaUog- raphy. and Bloupipe Analysis (Xew York, 1897). See Mineralogy. CRYSTALLOIDS (Gk. KpvaTa'/.Meidf/c, krys- taUoeidCs, like crystal, from Kphara/Jioc, krystal- los, crystal + eiioi;, eidos, form). Crystals of reserve protcids in plants. They occur in small proteid granules (see Aleubone ), in the endo- sperm (the food-bearing tissue surrounding the embyro), and in the embyro of various seeds. Similar crystals are found free in the outer cells •of potato-tubers and in certain seaweeds. Crys- talloids are angular in form, but their faces and angles, are inconstant. They are insoluble in water, hut al)sorb it and swell, as ordinary min- eral crystals do not. They are insoluble in weak solutions but dissolve in strong solutions of com- mon salt. The proteid material composing crys- talloids belongs to the group of globulins. See also CoLioius. CBYSTALLOMANCY (from Gk. KpicTn/loc, krystallos, crystal + fiav-ela, viantcia, divina- tion). At one time a popular practice of divi- nation accomplished by means of transparent bodies. A transparent jewel was employed, but a beryl was deemed most effective. The operator first muttered over it certain formulas of prayer and then gave it into the hands of a vouth or virgin — none others were pure enough to discern its revelations — who read in it the information required. The desired facts were conveyed by means of written characters on the crystal, but sometimes the spirits involved were supposed to appear in the crystal to answer the questions asked. This method of divination is still prac- ticed by magicians. For a graphic description of its employment, consult Sborthouse, John Jnglesant (London, 1881). CRYSTAL PALACE (so called bccau.se made of glass). An edifice erected in Hyde Park, London, for the World's Fair held in 18.51. Designed by Sir .Joseph Paxton, it was built of glass and iron, with floors of wood. Its length was 1(508 feet and its area. 21 acres. It cost £1,450,000. Every department of art and science A-as represented, and the visitors numbered over 6,000,000. Its materials were removed in 1854, and the structure rebuilt at Sydenham, eight miles from London. There the jiark and grounds cover nearly 200 acres, and a permanent fair is held. In 1853 a similar but smaller 'crystal pal- ace' was erected between Fortieth and Forty- second streets on Sixth Avenue, Xew York. It was used for exhibitions and grand concerts, but was destroyed by fire in 1858. The locality is now Bryant Park. CSABA, cholw, or BEKES - CSABA, ba'- kush-chO'l.io, a town of Hungary, in the County of Bekes, situated in a fertile district about five miles from the White Kijros, with which it is connected by canal, and 122 miles east-southeast of Budapest ( Map : Hungary, G 3 ) . Its indus- tries are principally agricultural, and cattle- raising, wine production, and wheat and hemp growing. The women are noted for their skill in making linen and hemp fabrics. Csaba has Ihe largest Protestant community of any town in Hungary, excepting Budapest. Population, in 1890, 32,244, of whom less than a fourth were Hungarians, and the rest Slavs; in 1900, 37,547. CSANYI, chli'nys, Laszl6 (Ladislas) (1790- 1849). An Hungarian statesman. He was liorn at Csany (County of Zala), and served in the campaigns of 1809-15. He early manifested an interest in local politics, and became intimate with Francis Deak. In 1848 he was appointed commissioner plenipotentiary to various divisions of the Revolutionary army, and subsequently received from Kossuth a portfolio in the Jlinistry. After the surrender of the Hungarian army at Vilflgos he refused to avail himself of the oppor- tunity for flight; but as he had previously been one of the most active organizers of the revolu- tion, so he now became a martyr to his convic- tions, and after a voluntary surrender to the Russians at Sarkad, he was delivered by them to the Austrians, and executed on October 10, 1840. CSARDAS, chiir'dilsh (Hung., from csiirda, tavern ). The national dance of Hungary. It consists of two movements, the first a slow lassu in lied form and in four-fourth or two- fourth time. It is mostly in the minor mode. The second movement, friss or frischka, is an exceedingly lively dance also in four-fourth or two-fourth time. It is in the major mode and consists of eight and sixteen bar phrases, which are repeated. Toward the end the time is greatlv accelerated and the rhvthni becomes