Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/731

* CRUSTACEA. 633 CRUZ Y GOYENECHE. vol. V. (Leipzig, lS00-il4). For dosfripliun of the fossil forms. ooiiMiIt the various iiiamials of paleontology, such as those by Zittel, Zittel-East- maii, liernaril, Xicholsoii, and Ktheriili,'('. A good synopsis of the class, dwelling more especially on the fossil forms, is to he found in Zittel-East- man, Text-Book of Puleontoloyy (New York and London, 1900), where are given very tiseful bib- liographic lists of works on holli re<'ent and fos- sil forms. CRUST OF THE EARTH. It was formerly believed by scientists lliat the interior of our globe is in a state of fusion due to excessive heat, and they accordingly gave the name 'crust of the earth' to the external solid portion of the earth with which we are familiar, ilodern in- vestigation has tended to show that the interior of the earth may not be liquid, as this term is ordinarily iniderstood, and the term 'crust of the earth,' suggesting as it does the liqixidity of the earth's interior, has fallen somewhat into dis- favor among scientists. The term lithosphere, meaning 'rock sphere,' has been proposed as a substitute, but in popular usage it has not dis- placed the earlier term. The crust of the earth is composed of igneous and sedimentary rocks. The rocks occurring deejiest below the surface, chiefly of the Archain age. are igneous. Resting on them, and forming the surface rocks for much of the globe, are sedimentary rocks, which have everj'where the same general geological succes- sion, although varying widelj' in minor strati- graphy and structure. The basal igneous rocks also appear at the surface over considerable areas, and other igneous rocks are associated with the sediments. The rocks of the earth's crust are fractured and folded, the folding, involving an actual plas- tic deformation or 'flowage' of the rock mass. It is probable that fractures are confined to the outer portion of the earth's crust, while at a considerable depth, perhaps 10,000 meters, the pressure is so great tliai fractures cannot be de- veloped, and the rock is deformed by flowage. For convenience in discussing its structure. Van Hise has accordingly proposed a division of the earth's crust into ( 1 ) ,a deep-seated zone of flowage, where rocks are deformed by flowage, and where fractures cannot exist; (2) an upper zone of fracture, where the rocks are deformed by frac- ture alone; and (3) an intermediate zone of fracture and flowage. By surface erosion rocks which liave been deformed in the zone of flowage may ultimately reach tlic surface of the earth, and hence it is that we have side bv side the efl'ects of defonnation in all zones. Consult Van Hise, "Principles of North American Pre-Cam- brian Geolo_g;s'," in Sixteenth Annual Report U. >S'. (leolofiical Siirve)/. pt. i. (Washington, 180fi). See C'i.E.wAfiE; Arcti.e. System; Fault. CRUVEILHIER, kru'va'ya', .Jean (ITfll- 1874). A famous French anatomist. He was educated in the University of Paris, became pro- fessor of pathological anatomy at llontpellier and later in Paris. He published an excellent Anatomie pnthologique ihi corps Iniiiiriiii (1828- 42), and several other works. CRUVEL'LI, Sophie. Countess Vigier (1826 — ). A German singer. Her real name was Criiwell. She studied under Bordugni in Paris, made her debut in Venice in 1847. and sang -with increasing success in other Italian theatres, anil afterwards in London and Paris. Endowed with a soprano voice of great strength and ])urity, she was one of the most luipular vocalists of her time. On marrying Count igier, in IS.'iO, she left the stage, and thereafter lived at Nice. CRUYS, krois, or KRXTYS, Coknelis (1G57- 1727). A Dutch rear admiral of Norwegian ex- traction. He entered the service of Peter the Great in 1U98, and rose to be a vice-admiral and vice-president of the Kussian Admiralty Board. He served Peter faithfully in the wars with Swe- den and Turkey, but uas hampered bj' the jeal- ousy of the native Kussian olllcers. and in 1714, after an unsuccessful encounter with some Swed- ish vessels, he was arrested and tried by court- martial. Sentenced to death, he was reprieved by order of the Czar, and exiled to Kazan, but later in the year was recalled and restored to his ollice. .4s chief .assistant to Count Apraxin (q.v.), Cruys did much to build up the Russian Navy. He promoted the building of dockyards, canals, anil, the drawing up of charts. At the time of his deatli in 1727, he owned a large estate at Kex- holm, and the island of Birken in Finland. In memory of his work, the Russian nu-n-of-war still fly a white flag with a blue cross (kruis). Consult : "The Russian Fleet under Peter the Great," English Nov;/ Records Society (London, 1899) ; Browning. I'cter the Great (London, 1898). CRUZ, kroos. Joslo MarIa de la (1801-75). A Chilean general. He was born at Concepcion, and became a member of the Republican cadet class when ten years old. In 1838 he became chief of stall" in the Peruvian campaign; was tw'ice appointed Jliiiister of War. and in 1842 was elected Governor of Valparaiso. In 18,51, de- feated .as the candidate of the Liberals for the Presidency, lie organized a revolution which ter- minated in the disastrous defeat of Loncomilla (December 8, 18.51). and was followed by his retirement from public life. CRUZ, krirnth. Sax .Juan de la (1542-91). A Spanish mystic, born at Fontiveros. His real name was .Juan de Yepis y Alvarez, but upon entering the Order of the Carmelites (1563) he assumed that of de la Cruz (of the Cross). Saint Theresa was then engaged in the reformation of the Order of Carmcl. and de la Cruz became her ardent disciple. His efforts brought him into constant trouble, and he was practically in exile at the time of his death. He w.as canonized in 1726. The many writings of .Juan de la Cruz in prose and verse contain some passages of great beauty, and others of untranslat.able vagueness. His best poem is orJte osriira del alma. His works, published first at Barcelon.a in 1580. were translated into French by P. Maillard in 1694, and have frequently been reprinted. CRUZ Y GOYENECHE, kroos « go'yil-na'- cha, Lfl.s pe t.a (1768-1828). A Chilean gen- eral. He was born at Concepcion. where he held several municipal offices. His exploration of the Andes in 1806 resulted in the discovery of several imporfant mountain passes, which are described in a report published in the Angelis Collection at Buenos Ayres in 1835. Four years after his famous. dean expedition, he became a member of (he revnlul ionary junta of Concepcion, Imt was captured during the ensuing campaign, and imprisoned until 1817. He was afterwards for a time acting President of Chile, and upon