Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/73

* CLOUS. CLOVER. made a captain in the Thirty-eighth Infantry in 1807, and from 1808 to 1888 was engaged in fron- tier service, and became conspicuous for his bravery and skill in engagements with the In- dians. In 188t) he became major and judge-advo- cate in the United States Army, and served until 1890 as assistant to the .ludge-.-Vdvocate-Oeneral. He subsi'ciuently sered successively as professor of law at West Point ; start' otiicer to Major-Gen- eral Merritt (18!)li-!i8) ; stall' otiicer to ijcutcn- ant-Cieneral Miles during the Spanish-American War: brigadier-general of volunteers; secretary and recorder of the Commission for the Evacua- tion of Ctiba; deputy judge-advocate-general on the staff of Major-General i?rooke, and judge-ad- vocate-general, lie published a series of Lectures on ililitfiri/ and Martial Luw. At his own re- quest he was retired, with the rank of brigadier- general. May 24, 1001. CLOVE AND ORANGE. An Elizabethan 'Tweedledee-anil-'rwcedU'dum.' occurring in .Jon- son's Ercry Man Out of His Htinioar: "the Gem- ini of foppery, that. like a pair of foils, are tit for nothing but to be practiced on." CLOVE - BARK. The bark of Dicypellium caryopliyllatinu, a little-known Brazilian tree, also found in the West Indies. As marketed, clove-bark resembles cinnamon cylinders about one-half foot long and about one inch in diam- eter, consisting of several pieces telescoped to- gether. The bark is usually dark brown, smooth or slightly wrinkled, with a nuicilaginous, aro- matic, pungent taste, which suggests a mixture of cloves and ciiuiamon. In medicine it is known as Cassia caryophyllata, and is used like, but considered inferior to. cloves. A similar bark is said to be obtained from the Myrtis caryophyl- lata of Linnsus, which grows in Ceylon. The culilawan (sometimes culilawang) of the Mo- luccas, which is sometimes confounded with clove-bark, is derived from Cinnamonuun or Laurus culilawan. CLOVER (AS. dcefrc. trefoil, of unknown origin), or Trefoil (Trifoliuni). A genus of plants of the natural order Legurainosas, suborder Papilionaceae, containing a great number of species, natives chieHv of temperate climates, abounding most of all in Europe, although about sixty species are indigenous to the United States; some of them very impoi'tant. in agri- culture, as afl'ording pasturage and fodder for cattle and as a means for improving cultivated soil. The name 'clover! is also popularly ap- plied to certain plants, which have compouiul leaves with three leaflets like the clovers, and also belong to the order Leguminos;ie. but which are not included in the genus Trifolium — such as sweet or Bokhara clover (Melilotns). bur clover (Mrdica(jo) . prairie clover (Petaloslc- mon). bird's-foot clover ( Lotus) . and a number of others. The true clovers (Trifolium) have lierbaceous. not twining stems ; roundish heads or oblong spikes of small flowers, the corolla re- maining in a withered state till the ripening of the seed ; the pod inclosed in the ealy.x. and con- taining one or two. rarelv three or four seeds. About seventeen species belong to the flora of Great Britain. The species of most importance to the farmer is the conunon red clover ( Tri- folium prulense) . (For illustration, see Plates of Btcotyledons and of Bi.oodroot. ) This is a native of America and of most parts of Europe. growing in meadows and pastures. It stands in the front rank of forage plants for good yields, nutritive value, and adaptability to various cli- mates and soils. It is a pereimial, but is general- ly treated as if it were a biennial. Its heads of Howers are oval or nearlj- globular, very compact, about an inch in diameter, jinrple, more rarely tleshcolorcd or white: the tube of the ealy.x is downy; the stipules run suddenly into a bristl.v point. The lealli^ts have very often a w'hitisli iiorseshoe mark in the centre. It is supposed that clover found its way into England from the Netherlands about the time of Queen Elizabeth; but it was not until the close of the last century that it was introduced into Scotland, where it is now universally prevalent. Perennial red clover (Trifolium i)ratcnsc pereune) is a somewhat hardier form than the ordinary forms of common red clover and of longer duration, lasting for two years or more. The zigzag clover (Tri- folium medium), al.so called meadow clover, marl-grass, and cow-grass, nuich resembles the common red clover, but is easily distinguished by the smooth tube of the calyx, and by the broader, less membranaceous, and gradually acu- minated stipules. The stems ai'e also remark- ably zigzag, and are niore rigid than in Trifoliuni pratense; the heads of flowers are larger, more la.x, more nearly globose, and of a deeper purple color, and the leaflets have no white spot. It is a common plant in Great Britain and most parts of Europe, and is also grown to some ex- tent in the United States. White or Dutch clover (Trifolium repens) is also a common native of Great Britain, and of most parts of Europe as well as of North America. When a barren heath is turned up with the spade or plow, white clover almost always appears. It is more permanent than common red clover, and it grows on nearly all soils, but its yield is small. White clover is seldom grown alone, but usually in mixtures of grasses and other clover. The flowers of all kinds of clover are the delight of bees, but those of white clover perhaps par- ticularly so. Alsike or Swedish clover (Tri- folium In/hridum), a perennial, regarded as in- termediate in a])pearance between the common red clover and the white clover, was introduced into Great Britain from the south of Sweden in 1834. It is also becoming common in North America. Crimson clover, or Italian clover (Trifolium incarnatum), an annual, native of the south of Europe, with oblong or cylindrical spikes of rich crimson flowers, is much cultivated in Continental Europe, and is also pretty exten- sively grown in some parts of England and the United States. Moliner's clover (Trifolium. Mo- lineri) very nuich resembles crimson clover, l)ut is biennial and has pale flowers. It is cultivated in Europe. Alexandrian clover, or Egyptian clover (Trifolium Ale.randrinum). an .annual species, a native of Egypt, universally cultivated in its native country, where it is the principal fodder for cattle, is svipposed to be one of the liest kinds of clover for warm climates — such as, for instance, the Southern United States. It has oval heads of pale-.yellow or whitish flowers. Yel- low clover, or hoi)-tvefoil (Trifolium proctim- hens), is common in drv. gravelly soils, but is not much esteemed. It has smaller leaves and flovver- heads than has any of the cultivated species. The flowers are yellow, and the heads resemble minia- ture hop-strobiles.