Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/722

* CRUISER. 626 CRUSADE. called the flat. Unprotected cruisers have no piuleclivc ijeek. iSoiiie ol' them have a water- tiiilit deck ill the same region, but of insuliieient thickness to admit of styling it a protective deck. (Jiuisers are frequently divided into first-class cruisers, second-class cruisers, etc. These dis- tinctions are purely arbitrary, and differ in the various navies. In the United States Navy small cruisers are called gunboats. This is a term properly applicable to craft so small as to approximate to large boats. In the British Xavy the terms "gunboat' and 'giuivesser are used almost as loosely. In addition to the regular cruisers, a most important addition to the naval force in time of war is found in fast merchant steamers, which are frequently armed as auxili- ur) cruisers, and used as ocean scouts, or fleet scouts ;, in the former case, they are bound on distant missions; in the latter, they accompany the fleet. CRUITHNIGH, krnth'ni. or CRUITHNI- ANS, kruth'ni-onz. The name given by the Irish to invading tribes of Picts, from whom the kings of Ulster vere supposed to have descended. The appellation was subsequently applied to some of the inhabitants of the counties of Antrim and Down. They were also called Dalaradians, and their country Dalaradia (q.v. ). The name C'ruithnigh is sometimes derived from the custom of painting and tattooing practiced by the people. The Irish called the Picts of Britain Cruithnigh. and it is probable that the Irish C'ruithnigli were related to those of Britain, as a Pictish ccilony came from Scotland and settled in Dalaradia a century before the Christian Era. CRUIVE, kn.iv. or ZAIRE, zar (probal)ly from tiael. cro. sheep-cote, hovel). A contri- vance erected ujion rivers in Scotland for the purpose of catching salmon. These weirs arc of great antiquity, and consist of a kind of hedge formed by stakes driven into the ground, the in- terstices being filled with brush, and the mode of capturing salmon being similar to those em- ployed with bag and stake nets. See Net. CRUM'MELL, Alexander (1818-98). A ne- gro clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He Ai'as born in New York, was edu- cated at the Oneida Institute, N. Y., and gradu- ated from Cambridge University, England. He lield a professorship in the Liberian College, at Liberia. West Africa, and then returned to the United States, and was rector for twenty-two years of St. Luke's Church. Washington, D. C. He was one of the first of the negro clergymen to enter the Episcopal Church. His works com- prise: The Future of Africa (1862) ; The (Ireal- itpss of Clirist, iiiul Other Sermons (1882) ; and Africa and America (1891). CRUMMLES, knim'lz. Vincent. The head of a theatrical family, in Dickens's Nicholas yickie- hii. consisting of himself, his wife, two sons, the 'Infant Phenomenon,' and a performing pony. A big-bodied, big-hearted man, who is very kind to Nicholas and Sniike. CRUNCH'ER, .Jerry. In Dickens's Tate of Two Cities, a general utility man in Tellson's banking house by day, and a 'resurrection man' at night. His wife's constant prayers he calls ■flopping.' CRUQUIUS, krofi'kl-us. The Latinized name of a renowned Flemish scholar of the sixteenth century, Jacques de C rusque. He was professor at Bruges, and his studies in Horace have had a most important influence on our knowledge of that poet. In his commentary on Horace, Cru- quius gives readings from the four valuable 'Blan- dinian' manuscripts, since destroyed, one of which is very ancient ; and also quotes the marginal notes of an early couunentator. whose name is lost, but who is now cited as "Commentator Cru- quianus.' CRUSADE (Fr. croisade, It. crociuta, from ilL, cruciala, crusade, from cruciare, to mark with the cross, from Lat. crux, cross). A war undertaken for a religious purpose; specifically one of the wars waged by the Christians for the recovery of the Holy Land. Toward the close of the eleventh century, when the Byzantine Emijire was in great dagger of being conquered by the Seljukian Turks, the Emperor Alexis Comnenus appealed to Pope Urban II. for help. At the Council of Clermont, in November. 1095, the latter made his memorable speech, in which he exhorted his hearers to bear aid to the Eastern Empire, and to reconquer Jerusa- lem. His fierv eloquence evoked an enthusi- astic response; for he appealed to all the motives which were tJien influential — to the spirit of religious enthusiasm; to the love of fighting and adventure; and to the desire, in many, of bettering their fortunes. After the conclusion of Urban's speech, many pressed for- ward to take the Crusader's voav and the cross, v.hich was the symbol of this vow and gave it.s name to the movement. The agitation spread rapidly to all the countries of western Europe and embraced all ranks of society. The nobles made deliberate preparations for an expedition which was expected to last three years; but the common people, among whom Peter the Hermit (q.v.) and others had been busily preaching the Crusade, were too impatient, and many of them too poor, to wait. In the spring of 1090 thou- sands of men, women, and children started in different bands under the leadership of W'alter the Penniless, Peter, and others. They marched from Cologne and the Rhineland, across Germany, through Hungary, along the Danube, and south- ward to Constantinople. These bands were very disorderly : their course was marked by jiersecu- tion of the .Jews, roliberv, and plunder, and many of thein were slaughtered by the infuriated in- habitants of the countries through which they passed. Those who reached Constantinople were received graciously by the Emperor. Their dis- orderly conduct, however, soon caused him to transport them to Asia Minor, where almost all were slain by the Turks. The march of these disorderly bands is generally styled the Peasants' Crusade. The First CRrs.voE, 1096-99. In the summer and fall of 1090 the real armies^ led by the nobles, began their march. Among the leaders were Godfrey of Bouillon. Bohemond. Prince of Tarentuin. Robert of Normandy. Robert of Flan- ders, and Raymond, Count of Toulouse, who was the latest of all to start. They proceeded by dif- ferent routes to Constantinople, where they were delayed by the Emperor, who was alarmed by their numbers and lack of discipline, but w"ished to make use of their strength. An agreement was finally made, by which almost all of the leaders were induced to become his vassals, but in the campaign which followed neither party