Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/718

* CBOZIEB. 022 CKUCIFER-ffi. sonnl i: volution and Autobiography (1898) : and Lord llaadoliih Citurchill: A Hlitdij of Enylisli Ucmucroci/ (1S87). In 1899 he received from the L'nivei^^ity of Toronto the degree of LL.D. CROZIER, William (1855—). A United Stales artillery olUeer and inventor of ordnanee. He was born in CarrolUon, Ohio, and on his graduation from est Point in 1876 was as- signed to the Fourth Artillery, in which he served three years, taking part in camjjaigns against the Sioux and Bannock Indians while at Western posts. From 1879 to 1884 he was instructor of mathematics at West Point, and in 1881 won by competitive examination an assignment to the ordnance department. In 1898 he was major and inspector-general of volunteers. With CTcn- eral Bullington he invented the Buffington-Crozier disappearing gun-carriage (see illustration and description under ORnxANCE), which ranks high among modern military inventions, and which lias been installed in all the important coast- defense works of the United States. He is also the inventor of a wire-wrapped rifle and a ten- inch giui. In 1899 he was appointed by Presi- dent MeKinley one of the American delegates to The Hague Peace Conference. In the Peking re- lief expedition in 1900 he served under Gen- ral Chattee as chief ordnance oflicer. and in Jmic, 1902, was appointed chief of ordnance, with rank of brigadier-general. JIany of the not«s and pamphlets on the construction of ordnance pub- lished by the War Department are from liis pen. He is of international reputation regard- ing all matters connected with his department of military science. CKtrCIAN, kroo'shf/n (Dutch kuruts. Ger. Karnusche, older Karas, Karutzc, Kanitsch, from Fr. carnssiii. It. comcino, crucian, from Lat. cora- ciniiti, Gk. KDpaKimq, l:orakinos, fish like a perch, from xSpai, korax. raven : so called on account of its color). A species of carp {Carassius vul- garis) differing from the common German carp (Cyprinus) in the larger scales, in the absence of barbules at the mouth, and in the pharyngeal teeth. It may attain a large size, and inhabits lakes, ponds, and slowly flowing rivers in north- ern Europe and Asia. CRUCIBLE (JIL. crucibulum, crusibulum, melting-pot. from OF. crnche. Port, crugo, crock, from OHG. cliruag, Ger. Krug, AS. ciog, jar, or Ir. crogan, Gael, crog, Welsh crochan, pitcher; confused by po])ular etymology- with Lat. crux. cross). A vessel for heating and fusing metals, glass, and other materials requiring a great de- gree of heat for their melting. Crucibles are made in all sizes, from that of a lady's thimble to one which will hold 400 pounds of molten zinc. The essentials in their construction are that they be made to endure extreme heat with- out fusing, and sud<len changes of temperature withcmt breaking. A great variety of materials are used for making crucibles, as clay, plumbago, graphite, lime, aluminum, and platinum, ilost crucibles are more or less acted on by litharge, but a chalk lining makes them less so. The most common form is the Hes/iian crudhle, made of equal parts of fire-clay and coarse sand. It will stand extreme heat, but not very sudden changes in temperature. Tliis is the cheapest variety, and is adequate for all ordinary processes of ex- perimenting and refining. They come in nests, in sizes varving from two to eight inches in di- ameter. Coruish crucibles are clay crucibles of a coarse grain and mottled grayish-white color. They endure sudden changes of temperature, but cannot lie heated to wliiteness. They are much used for copper-assaying. Plumbago or coke cruribloi are of great value in the fusion of cer- tain metals. Vraphitc crucibles meet all tem- perature conditions, but are slowly acted on by metallic oxides or gases. Lime crucibles are absolutely infusible. Aluminum crucibles pos- sess the advantage of not being readily acted on b_v the materials fused, even sodium having no ert'eet on them. They are also little afl'ected by changes of temperature. The celebrated Berlin crucibles are made of a composition of several non-fusing materials, which contains 8 parts of lire-clay, 4 parts of black lead, 5 parts of pow- dered coke, and 3 parts of old crucibles. CEX:CIF'EB.ffi (Xeo-Lat. iioni. pi., from Lat. crux, cross -|- ferre, to cari'y, bear). An im- portant order of dicotyledonous plants, the mus- tard family, including about 200 genera and 1600 known species. The flowers have a calyx of four sepals, which fall off' after flowering; and a corolla of four petals, which are placed in the form of a cross — whence the name Crucifer;e — and alternate with the sepals. There are six stamens — four long ones in opposite pairs, and two short ones between the pairs of long ones. The ovary is superior, and there are two stig- mas. The fruit is either long and podlike, 'silique.' or a short and roundish pouch, 'sili- cic.' one-celled, or usually spuriously two-celled, by the parietal placentae ( >ee Plack.xta ) meet- ing in the middle, and forming a kind of dis- sepiment (q.v. ); and contains either one seed or many in a single row. The grouping of the divisions and genera is extremely difficult, and many .systems of classification liave been pro- posed. One classification is founded on the character of the cotyledons and the manner in which the radicle is folded upon them (cotyle- dons accumbent. incumbent, or conduplicate ). A still more recent classification is that of Prantl, whose main divisions are based upon the char- acter of the hairs commonly liorne upon the leaves, whether simple, branched, or glandular. The division into tribes is based upon the char- acter of the stigmas. The general character of the order is antiscorbutic and stimulant, with more or less acridity. It contains many plants extensively cultivated for the food of man and of domestic animals, or valuable in medicine, as kale, caliliaije. cauliflower, broccoli, colewort, tur- nip, rape, radish, cress, horseradish, scurvy- grass, mustard, sea-kale, gold-of-pleasure. etc. The dyestufl' called woad is produced by a plant of this order. The order includes also a number of garden flowers highly esteemed for their beauty and fi'agrance. as wallflower, stock, rocket, etc. Sulphur compounds are common in many, as may be recognized from the odor given o(T when cooking. The pungence and acridity of the Cru- cifer;? .seem to depend on a volatile oil. or on difl'erent volatile oils of a very similar charac- ter, present in various degrees in difl'erent spe- cies, or in the same species under difl'erent cir- cumstances, and in different parts of the same plant. This diversity is very well illustrated in the common turnip, in the difl'erent qualities of the root as to sweetness and acridity in dif- ferent soiis or seasons, and in the difference be- tween the flesh and the rind. The seeds of the