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* CROWN LANDS. 621 CROZIER. tions of the English Oovernment (Loinlon, 1S(!3) ; Stephen, Xeir Connticntarirs on the Luirs of Hiiy- land (13tli fil., l-oiidon, 1899). See Feudalism. CROWN POINT. A town and tlic county- seat of Lake County, hid.. 40 miles sontheast of Cliieaj;o. 111., on the Cliicago and Erie, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, ('hicago and Saint Louis railroads (iLip: Indiana, B I). It has grain - elevators, machine - shops, wagon - works, broom-factories, and a shirt-factorv. Population, in ISnO. 1907; in 1900. 2:!30. CROWN POINT. A town in Essex County, X. Y., on the west shore of Lake Champlain. and on the Delaware and Hudson Railroad, 110 miles north by east of Albany (Map: Xew York, (i 2). It contains the Hammond Library. The town has manufactures of building material, lumber. and staves; and in the vicinity are deposits of iron ore, which, however, are not worked at ])res- ent. Population, in 1890. 3135: in 1900, 2112. Crown Point was originally an English trading- station. .bout 1731 the French built upon the site Fort Saint Frederick, which, in s])ite of hos- tile English expeditions direftcd against it in 1755 and 1750, they held until 1759, when the garrison joined that of Ticonderoga (q.v. ) and retreated down the lake. General Andierst then took possession, and, during the winter of 1750- 00, began work on fortifications, the ruins of which still remain, and which, though never com- pleted, ultimately cost fully .$10,000,000. On Jlay 11. 1775, Seth Warner, at the head of a company of 'Green llountain Boys.' captured the fort, then garrisoned by only twelve men. In 1777. on the approach of General Burgoyne, it was temi)orariIv abandoned bv the Americans. CROWN SOLICITOR. The solicitor to. the treasury, who. in State prosecutions in England, acts as solicitor for the Crown in preparing the prosecution. In Ireland there are Crown solici- tors attached to each circuit, whose duties cor- respond in some degree to those of the procura- tor-fiscal and Crown agent in Scotland. In England, there are no analogous officers, and prosecutions are conducted by solicitors appointed by the parish, or by private parties. . CROW'QTJILL, Alfred. See Fobkester, Alfreii He.nky. CROW'S - NEST. A perch for the lookout man of a vessel. It is placed on the foremast at as great a height above the deck as is found desir- able; protection from the weather is afforded by a platform surrounded bj' canvas. CROWTHER, Samlt:l Ad.t.u (1810-91). The first native bishop of Africa, born in the Y'oruba country. He was captured in a slave raid when but a lad, and was several times sold. He was finally shipped on a Portuguese slaver. from which he was rescued by a British man-of- war, and was placed in the mission school at Bathurst, He was the first student enrolled in the Fourah Bay College, where he subsequently served as an assistant instructor. Ordained in 1843, he became a missionary at Akessa. In 1804 he was consecrated bishop of the Xiger country. Crowther accompanied both of the British Xiger expeditions, a journal of which he published. His other works include a dictionary of the Yoruba language and a translation of the Bible into the Y^oruba. CROY'DON (OEngl. CroiWpKc. fromFr. craic. It. ci-rfu, OHG, krkla, Ger. Krride, chalk, from Lat. crf((i, chalk, AS.. OH(i. dun, hill. Engl. dune, from Ir. dun. tiael. dCuion, Welsh (/in. hill, fort; connected with AS. lun, Kngl, loicn. OHG. ziin, Ger. Zaun, hedge). A Parliamentary and municipal borough iind markct-lown of Surrey, England, on the London and Brighton Railway, lOiA miles south of London Hridge (Map: Eng- land, F 5), It lies on the edge of the chalk and plastic clay, near the Banstead Downs, at the source of the Vandle. It is an important railway centre. Among its public buildings are the forni- er palace of tlu' archbishops of Canterbury, now used as a girls' school, the restored parish churdi of Saint .John. Whitgift's lIospit;il, a handsome Eliz;iliethan structure with which is connected a graninuir school, and the municipal buildings con- taining the law courts and central public library. Owing to its proximity to London, a healthful climate, and the absence of factories, Croydon is a favorite residence place of London business men. This accounts for its great jirogress in mu- nicipal improvements and ownership of public utilities, libraries, water-supply, artisans' dwell- ings and lodging-houses, parks and recreation grounds, hospitals, baths, electric lighting, and street railways. Its death-rate is a little over 14 per 1000, the smallest in England for a city of its size. It sends one member to Parliament. Pojiu- lation, in 1851, 10,000: in 1871, .5.5.000; in 1891, 102,000; in 1901, 133.900. Consult Steinman, Hisfori/ of Croydon (London, 1836). CROZAT, kru'z:', Joseph Axtoixe, Marquis de Tugny (1090-1740). A French collector of books and objects of art. His v;irious acquisi- tions included 19.000 original drawings. 2000 engravings, 400 paintings, 1382 intaglios and cameos, and a library of 20,000 volumes. He published two series of engravings of the draw- ings and paintings in his own collection and in those of the King, the Duke of Orleans, and other collectors. The greater part of these- ulti- mately came into the possession of the Russian Crown, ilariette published a Dntcrijition xom- maire des drsnins dm grand.i mtiitrcs du cihinet de feu Monaienr Vroxal (Paris, 1741). CROZET (kro'za') ISLANDS (in honor of a member of the French expedition which dis- covered the islands). . volcanic group in the Indian Ocean, between Kerguelen and Prince Ed- ward islands (Map: VorId, 20). The l.-rrger islands are Possession, East, Apostle, and Hog. The total area, including islets and reefs, is about 200 square miles. They have no permanent popu- ation. but are occasionally visited by whah'rs and war-vessels. They were discovered in 1772, and are claimed by Great Britain. Consult Roth, Croze/'s Voi/iff/c to Tii.i'mnniii (London. 1891). CROZIER, kro'zher. .Toiix Beattie (1849 — ). . English writer on philosophy and history. He was horn of Scotch parents, at Gait. Ontario, and was educated at the CJalt Grammar School and at the University of Toronto. Graduating M.D. in 1872, he at once settled as physician in London. His Relir/ion of the Future (18S0I was followed by ('iriliznlion and /'roarexn (1885). To aid him in carrying out his studies, he received in 189) a civil-list pension of £.50, whi<'h was. doubled four years later. In 1897 appeared the first volume of The History of Intellectual Development on the Lines of Mod- ern Evolution. Dr. Crozier has also published My Inner Life, Being a Chapter in Per-