Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/715

* CBOWELL. 619 CROWN DEBTS. Massaclnisotts in ISTfl. He was a rliartov mem- ber of the AiiuM-iean I'liilolo^ical Assoeiation. and received the desree of D.D. from Williams Ool- lese in 18S2. His publications iiichide. in addition to eontril)ntions to periodical litera- ture, numerovis selinlarly editions of Latin clas- sics, sncli as tboso of (1S71) the Dr Sciircfute a.nd Dc Amicil in: (1873) the De 0/Jkiis : (1874) the Andria and Adclphw: and (187!)) the De Oratore. He also translated and edited Bender's Gruiidriss der rumischcn Liltcraturycicldchlc ( 1876) under the title, A Brief Hisluiij uf Uoiiiun Literature (1880); jointl.y with II. li. Kichard- son, prei)ared a useful volume of t^elcctiniix from .Latin I'oeis, with notes (18Si); and wrote A Cliic to the Prose Writiiiss of the Silver Age (1897). CROWFIELD, kro'feld. Chkistoi'IIER. A name which Mrs. Harriet Bcecher Stowe some- times used as a pseudonym. CROWFOOT. See Raxukculus. CROWFOOT FAMILY. See Ranuncu- LACE-E. CROW-GARLIC. See Allil M. CROWLEY, krO'li. A town and county-seat of Acadia Parish, La., 1G6 miles west of New- Orleans, on tlic Southern Pacific Railroad. Its principal industries are the cultivation of rice and rice-milling. Oil in paying quantities has' been discovered in the vicinity. Settled about 1887, Crowley was incorporated two years later, and has enjo.ved a rapid growth. The gov- criuuent is administered by a mayor, elected every two years, and a council chosen on a general ticket. The town owns and operates its water- works and electric-light plant. Popula- tion, in 1890. iJ-O; in 1900, 4214. CROW-PHEASANT, fez'ant. See Coucal. CROWN ( -MDutch kruiie, krone, leel. kruna, tier. Krone. OIKj. eorone. corona, OF. vorone, Fr. couronne, from Lat. corona, crown, Gk. ku- piivri, koronf, curved end of a bow; connected with Gael, crniiin, Welsh crn-}i, round, Lat. cur- viis. curved). The crown, as we understand it to-day, resembles in some degree the fillets, wreaths, and garlands which were worn among the Greeks as an emblem of office ( in the ease of the archons), as a distinction for the victors in the public games, or for citizens who had rendered e.^;ceptional service to their country. The Romans used them chiefly as rewards for valor. The most highly prized was the corona ohsidionalis, made of grass or wild flowers, be- stowed by a beleaguered garrison on the general who rescued them. Next came the corona ciinca, of oak-leaves and acorns, as a reward to any soldier who had saved the life of a Roman citi- zen in battle; a place next to the senators was resei'ved for the wearer at public spectacles, and the whole assembly rose at his entrance. The corona innrrilis. a golden ring surmounted with turrets or battlements, was bestowed on the man who first scaled the wall of a besieged city; and the corona friumplialis. of three kinds, upon a general who obtained a triumph. There were other crowns not honorary, but emblematical, and regulated not by law as were the former ones, but by custom. Of these the most impurtanl were the corona saccrdotaUfi. worn by |>ries(s and others engaged in sacrifice: corona fancliris, or sppulehralia, with which the dead were crowned; Vol. v.— 10. corona conririalin, worn on festive occasions by banqueters; corona nuitlialis, or liridal wreath; ami corona natalitia, a chaplet susjjend- cd over the door of a house in which a cliilil wa- liorn. .s the end)lem of sovercignt.- i]i modern Kurope the crown was borrowed rather from the diadem (((.v.) than from the above-mentioned crowns. The Roman emperors arc represented as wearing either the diadem, the laurel crown la simple end)lem of gluiy), or the radiating I'niwn. probably of Kastern origin, which symbol- ized among the Romans the deification of the em- perors. From the tinu' of Constantine the Great (30-:i37) the diadem was the established em- blem of imperial jiower; but it was supplanted under Justinian (527-05) by the crown called stcnnna, a slight elaboration upon the golden fillet: and this in turn was replaced by still more elaborate crowns, until the crown with arches be- came the accepted form. The ordinary t.vi>e of the imperial crown of the Middle .ges, as assumed in imitation of the Greek emperors bv Charles the Bald (840-77), is found in an illimiinated MS. at JIunieh representing the ICmperor llcnrv IL (1002-24) crowned by Christ. The crown actually used at the coronation of man.v sub.se- quent emperors, and now preserved in the im- jierial treasur.v in Vienna, is a rouiul eaj) sur- rounded by eight .small shields with semicircular tops alternately adorned with precious stones and with pictures. It is surmounted by a small cross resting on an arch inseril)ed "Chonradus Dei gratia Romanorum im])erator august ii>" (Conrad 11., 1024-39). The present Austrian imperial crown is of the style adopted by the Emperor Jlaximilian II. in 1570; it is cleft in the centre so as partly to resemble a mitre; the golden circlet is jeweled and adorned with fleurs- de-lis and surmounted by a cap, above which rises a single arch surmounted by a cross. The new German imperial crown resembles the old crown of Charlemagne and consists of eight shields ornamented with pi-ecious stones: the larger shields show a cross made of precious stones, the smaller the imperial eagle set with diamonds; above it rise four arches surmounted by a cross. The r-oyal crown of Great Britain i.s a circle of gold enriched with i)recious stones and pearls, and heightened by four crosses patee and four (leurs-de-lis alternately; from these rise four arches which close under a mound ensigned with a cross patee. See Tiara; Coroxet. So entirely was the crown regarded as the synd)ol of sovereignt,v that the word came to be used as s.^inmymous with the monarchy, the State, and matters under the rontrol of the execu- tive authority; thus we speak of Crown lawyers. Crown lands, etc., the term having no connection with the sovereign per.sonall.v. CROWN, Okatiox ox the. See De Coroxa. CROWN DEBTS. In Knglish law. all debts due to the Crown^ which are on recordj or evi- denced by a bond or other specialty, and also those due from accountants to the Crown on account t)f moneys received for the use and bene- fit of the Crown. Formerly the lands of the debtor were subject to a lien for the amount due, even in the hands of an innocent purchaser for value without notice of the lion, if they were conveyed after the debt became due. M present the lien is not binding on a bona fide purchaser