Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 05.djvu/711

* CROSS-FERTILIZATION. 615 CROTCH. ed.. London, 1880) ; Descent of Man (2(1 ed., London. 1874) ; Henslow. Origin of I'lonil .^Inir- turcs (London, 181I.')): Wallace. Mnlnij Arihiiic- layo (New Vork. 18(19) : LiiI)1>chU, lirilisl, Wild Flowers Coiisidvnil in Itelalion to Inserts (4th ed.. London, 1882) : (Jrant Allen, On the Colors of Flowers {London. 1880): Helt, .4 Xatiiralist in .Yicar«(/H(/ (London, 1888): Forbes, .4 yat- uralist's Wandfrinqs in the Fastern Arrhipeloijo (New York, 1885).' CROSS -FOX. A valuable variety of the Aiiierienn red fox, marked by a dark line along the back, eroi.sed by one upon the withers, whence the name. See Fox. CROSS KEYS. A post-village in Rockingham County. a.. about 20 miles northeast of Staim- ton. Here, on .June 8, 1802, during the Civil War, an indecisive engagement occurred between 18,000 Federals, under General Fremont, and a part of .Jackson's retreating army, numbering about 8000. under General Ewell, the latter withdrawing during the night to effect a Junction with .Jackson. Each side lost about 50. The engagement was a strategic success for the Con- federates, in that it checked the pursuit of Fre- mont and prevented his joining with General Shields for a combined attack. CROSS'LEY, Sir Fb.vxcis (1817-72). An Engli^li ])liilanthro]iist. born at Halifax. York- shire. He succeeded to the proprietorship of the Dean Clough carpet-mills, and accumulated a vast fortune. His niany benefactions included the gift to Halifax of twenty-one almshouses and an endowed public park, and to the London Missionary Society of £20,000. He was created a baronet in 186.3. and published a lecture. Cana- da and tlir Inifrd States, in 186.5. CROSSOPTERYGII, kros-sop'ter-ij'I-i (>feo- Lat. noni. pi., from Gk. Kpitnooi, krossoi, fringe -j- TTTepi^iov, ptcri/nion. diminutive of irr^puf. pteryx. wing). An order of ganoid fishes, numerous in former ages, but surviving only in the ganoid- like genera Polypterus (see Bichir) and Cala- moichthys. They are described as "'Teleostomi. in which the pectoral fin consists of a rounded basal lobe, supported by endoskeletal structures and fringed by dermal rays. There are no bran- chiostegal rays. The vertebral column is well ossified, and the caudal fin is diphycercal. The pelvic fins are abdominal. A spiral valve and a conus arteriosus are present and the optic nerves form a chiasma." CROSS RIVER. See C.l.vb.r. CROSWELL. kroz'wel, Edwin (1797-1871). An American .journalist, long prominent in Democratic polities as a member of the Albany Regency (q.v. ). He was born at Catskill. X. Y., began his journalistic career on the Catskill Re- corder, a journal established by his father, and in 1824 became editor of the Albany Arqus, which he made the official organ of his party in the State. He was also State printer from 1824 to 1840. and from 1844 to 1847. Croswell was the great antagonist of Thurlow Weed and exerted powerful influence by his edi- torial utterances in both State and national politics. CROSWELL, Harry (1778-18.58). An Ameri- can journalist and clergyman, born at West Hartford, in Connecticut. In 1802 he became editor of the Balance, a Federalist newspaper, at Hudson. X. Y., and later of the UVij./i. a libel- ous sheet which involved liini in numernus law- suits, the most important of which resulted from an attack upon Thomas .lell'erson. His defense by Alexander Hamilton was the last forensic eflort of that great lawyer. In 1814 he took orders, and in 1815 became rector of Trinity Church, Xew Haven, Conn. He was the author of The ounti Churchman's (liiide; Manual of Faniilij Prayers (1857) : and (Inidr to the l/olii Sacrament (1867). CROT'ALA'RIA (Neo-Lat. noin. pi., from Gk. Kpbrii'/ov. kriilahin. rattle). A genus of plants of the natural order Leguminosa^. deriving its name from the inflated pods in which the seeds rattle when ripe. The species are nu- merous; annual, perennial, and shrubby plants, natives of the temperate and tropical parts of the world. Many of them have long, straight, slender stems and branches, and some of these yield valuable fibre, particularly the Sunn (q.v.), or Sunn hemp of India. Crotalaria junceu. an annual species, the fibre of which is now an important article of commerce. .Jubbulpore hemp, also an important fibre, and regarded as stronger tliau Sunn, is the produce of Crotalaria tennifolia. usually considered a variety of C'ro- talarin juneea, a perennial species about nine feet high, a native of the south of India, which, when growing in abundant space, throws out many branches: but when sown thick, grows with little branching. Crotalaria biirhia, which naturally grows in very arid places, is also cultivated in Sinde for its fibre. There are a dozen species native of the United States, one of which. Cro- talaria sayitlalis. and perhaps others, are re- puted to be injurious to horses, causing what is termed 'crotalism.' a disease something like loco (q.v.). CROTAL'ICffi (Xco-Jjat. nom. pi., from Gk. Kpbra'/nv, krutalon, rattle). A family of ven- omous serpents, the pit-vipers, viper-like in form, but distinctively characterized by the presence of a deep pit on each side of the face between the nostril and the eye. It includes the American rattlesnakes, moccasins, and copperheads, and some Asiatic species. See Rattlesn.ke. CROT'ALISM. See Crotalaria. CROTAPHTTTUS. See Collared I>izard. CROTCH, William (1775-1847). A distin- guished English composer, born at X'orwich. He was quite as precocious as Mozart. When little more than three years old he could play ''God Save the King" almost throughout with chords, and could detect in a moment what note was struck' and in what key music was composed. When only twenty-two Crotch was appointed pro- fessor of music in Oxford University, and the de- gree of doctor of nuisic was conferred upon him. In 1822 he obtained the principalship of the Royal Academy of JIusic. He composed much for the organ and ])iaru). as well as many vocal pieces. .mong the last, the oratorio Palestine : an ode, "Mona on Snowdon Calls:" a glee, "Xyinph, with thee:" and a motet. '"Methinks 1 hear the full celestial choir," are still popular. His most im- portant l)Ook was Flements of Mnsieal Composi- tion and Thorontfh-Basa (1812). He diecl at Taunton. England.