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* CBOLY. 599 CBOMER. from 1800 to 1887, and later was editor of the Cycle (which slie founded) and the homc-Maker. CRO-MAGNON, kro'nui'nyuN'. A type of maiiUind supjuiscd In have inhabited southwest- ern Europe at the end of the .Ma.udalenian ep<n-h, at the cdose of the Ploistocent-. 'I'liey were marked by the must dolichocephalic of crania, elongated at the back (index ti3-74.8), with low- face and orbits, but by good stature. In 1858 workmen unearthed, in the cave called Cro- Magnon, near Les Kyzies, in the Department of Dordogne, France, imperfect skeletons of three men. two women, and a child. A peasant found a human bone in a rabl)it-holc. and ,at the Cave of Aurignac the remains of seventeen persons v^eie recovered. At Laugerie Basse, in the Vez&re Valley, another discovery was made. In the Cave of Baumes Chaudes, in Loz&re, thirty-five <rania were collected, all of this long. low-faced type. At other places the same marks have been noted, both on the dea<l and on the living, in Africa and in Europe. To this type, wlierever foiuul, the name of Cro-Magnon is given. Consult: Mortillet, Le prehistorujue (-Paris, 1882) ; Deniker, Kaces of Man (London, 1900) ; Ripley, The Raees of Europe (New York, 1899) ; and, for critical observations, Sergi, The Mediterranean Race (London, 1901). CROMARTY FIRTH, krOm'Cr-tl ferth ( from Gad. croin, Olr. cruinh. Welsh, crinn, Bret, crunij crooked -|- Olr. art. Gall, artos, stone, and firth, frith, from Icel. fjm)r, ford: ultimately con- nected with Lat. portti.s, port. Skt. par, to cross). A landlocked inlet of the Xorth Sea. on the northeast coast of Scotland, just northwest of the iloray Firth, IS miles long. .3 to 5 miles broad, and 5 to 3.5 fathoms deep (Map: Scotland, D 2). The entrance is between tTie North and South Soutars, tw« high wooded headlands, and is IV2 miles across, with 12 to 30 fathoms of water, and with the Three Kings Reef about half a mile off land. Near the firth are the towns of Dingwall. Invergorden, and Cromarty. In the red sandstone, near the entrance, Hugh Miller discovered the fossil SihesPterichthps.Osteolepis, etc. CROMARTYSHIRE. See Ross and Crom- arty. CROM'DALE (from Gael, crom, crooked + Engl. dale). A village in Inverness-shire, Scot- land, on the eastern bank of the Spey, scene of a battle fought May 1. KiOO. between the Scotch Jacobites and SOO of William III.'s troops, in which the latter were Victorious (Map: Scot- land. E 2). The event is celebrated in a song en- titled, "The Hatighs of Cromdale." CROME, Jonx (1708-1821). An English landscape painter, foimder of the Norwich school. He is tisually called Old Crome, to dis- tinguish him from his son of the same name. Born on December 22. 17G8. he passed his youth in humble circumstances, acquiring his taste for painting during an apprenticeship to a sign- painter. Together with Robert Ladbrook, a printer's apprentice, he rented a garret and start- ed upon his career as a painter. The two artists spent their leisure time sketching in the field, endeavoring to reproduce nature exactly. Crome's pictures thus became 'exact views' of the places he loved. His technique is that of the Dutch masters, whom he studied in the houses of the Norfolk gentry, in his capacity as a drawing teacher, and in a visit to Paris. Hobberaa, in especial, was his favorite master. Crome's pic- tures contained ihi' usual l)rown tone of the Dutch schuul, an.l although they arc occasionally marred by over-attention 'to detail, they always contain a true feeling for light and air. He painted trees with great force and individuality. His "Oak at I'oringlam" and the "Willow" are highest masterpieces of their kind. His works are mostly in private possessiim, especially among the gentry of Norfolk. The National Gal- lery contains two good e.xamplcs, "Mousehold Heath" and '"Chapel Fields, Norwich." His fa- orite subjects were taken from the scenery about his native home, but he was capable of adapting himself to the livelier tones of French landscape, as is indicated in his "Fishmarket at Boulogne" and his "Boulevard <Ies Italiens, Paris." Although he followed etching as a pas- tinu; onlj-, lie was an excellent etcher, working with great care and detail, though sometimes not achieving tone and atmosphere. His etch- ings were publislied after his death, in 183-1, niuler the title of Xorfollc I'icturesque Srenery, and again in 1838 and 1850. Crome seldom ex- hibited in London, but he displayed at different times no less than 288 pictures in the Norfolk Society of Artists. This society he himself founded in 1803, becoming its president in 1808. He died April 22, 1821, at Norwich, where near- ly all of his life had been passed. CROME, John Barney (1794-1842). An English painter, son and pupil of John Crome, usually called Young Crome. His pictures are distinguished for ncerit. the best resembling those of his father. Consult: Hcaton, "Life of .John Crome," in the appendix to Ciuminghiim's Lives of the Britifih J'ainters (London, 1882) : Wod- derspoon, John Crome and His Work (Norwich, 18.50). CRCMER. A seaport and watering-place on the north coast of Norfolk, England, 21 miles north of Norwich (Map: England, H 4). It stands on the top of one of the highest cliffs on the coa.st. Nearly all the old town, called Ship- den, with one of the churches. w;is swept away by the sea about the year 1500. The sea is gain- ing on the land, and vessels have to load and un- load on the open beach. In 1825 some cliffs 200 feet high fell into the sea. Seamen call Cromer Bay the Devil's Throat, from its dangers to navigation. Population, in 1891. 2500; in 1901, 3800. CROMER, EvEi-TN Barin-g, first Earl (1841 — ). An English diplomatist and admin- istrator, born at Cromer Hall. Norfolk, and edu- cated at Woolwich Academy. After a brilliant career in the Royal Artillery, he .served as pri- vate secretary to the Earl of Northbrook. Gov- ernor-General of India, from 1872 to 187(i: was Commissioner on the Egyptian public debt from 1877 to 1879; was Controller-General of Egyp- tian finances from 1879 to 1880: and was Finance Minister of India from 1880 to 1883,- when he became Consul-Gener.al and Minister Plenipofentiarv- in Eg>'pt. which positions he still held in 1902. He was created first Baron Cromer in 1892. first Viscount in 1899. and Earl in 1901. He became virtu.illy British Viceroy of Egv-pt. and his efficient administration won for him the appellation of 'Maker of Modem Egypt.' He rescued it from bankruptcy; re-